{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nRecent studies have revealed that what was once thought to represent a PIWI‐interacting RNA in serum—specifically piR‑54265—is in fact a full‐length (72 nt) small nucleolar RNA, now recognized as SNORD57. Although canonical snoRNAs are traditionally known for guiding chemical modifications of rRNAs and other RNAs within the nucleus, the detection of SNORD57 in serum has led to its mistaken characterization as a cancer biomarker. This finding underscores the importance of rigorous annotation methods to accurately differentiate between bona fide somatic piRNAs and other small RNAs, such as SNORD57, in translational studies targeting early cancer diagnosis."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn a seemingly distinct line of research focusing on immune regulation, the potassium channel tetramerisation domain containing 9 (KCTD9) has been identified as a critical modulator of natural killer (NK) cell development and function. Elevated KCTD9 expression in NK cells has been observed in patients with HBV‐induced acute‐on‐chronic liver failure and experimental models of fulminant viral hepatitis—conditions where hyper‐active NK cell responses exacerbate liver damage. Functional studies have demonstrated that reduction or knockout of KCTD9 impairs NK cell lineage commitment, maturation, and effector functions such as cytokine secretion and cytotoxicity, thereby ameliorating liver injury in preclinical models."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "2", "end_ref": "4"}]}]}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Juan Pablo Tosar, María Rosa García-Silva, Alfonso Cayota "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Circulating SNORD57 rather than piR-54265 is a promising biomarker for colorectal cancer: common pitfalls in the study of somatic piRNAs in cancer."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "RNA (2021)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1261/rna.078444.120"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1261/rna.078444.120"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "33376191"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33376191"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Xiaoping Zhang, Lin Zhu, Yaoyong Zhou, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Interference with KCTD9 inhibits NK cell activation and ameliorates fulminant liver failure in mice."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "BMC Immunol (2018)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1186/s12865-018-0256-x"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12865-018-0256-x"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "29940856"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29940856"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Xiaoping Zhang, Peng Wang, Tao Chen, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Kctd9 Deficiency Impairs Natural Killer Cell Development and Effector Function."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Front Immunol (2019)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.3389/fimmu.2019.00744"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.00744"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "31024568"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31024568"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 4, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Yao-Yong Zhou, Yong Zou, Tao Chen, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "[KCTD9, a novel potassium channel related gene, was highly expressed in hepatic NK cells and T cells of fulminant hepatitis mice induced by MHV-3]."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi (2011)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.3760/cma.j.issn.1007-3418.2011.11.010"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.1007-3418.2011.11.010"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "22433305"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22433305"}]}]}]}