| HGNC Family | G protein-coupled receptors |
| Name | taste receptor, type 2, member 39 |
| Description | The protein encoded by this gene is a bitter taste receptor that detects green tea catechins, soy isoflavones, and theaflavins. The encoded protein is gustducin-linked and may activate alpha gustducin. This gene is intronless. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2015] |
| Summary |
{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nResearch on the human bitter taste receptor TAS2R39 has revealed its critical role in detecting specific polyphenolic compounds. For instance, TAS2R39 is robustly activated by galloylated catechins—such as (–)-epicatechin gallate and (–)-epigallocatechin gallate—from green tea, with the galloyl group being key to eliciting the pronounced bitter taste observed in human sensory studies."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n \nResearch into peptide ligands has further demonstrated that TAS2R39 responds to bitter peptides. A strong bitter tetrapeptide (Phe‐Phe‐Pro‐Arg) and notably its partial peptide structure (Pro‐Arg) were able to activate cells expressing TAS2R39, suggesting that this receptor exhibits a refined specificity that enables it to detect smaller peptide fragments contributing to bitterness, a property that distinguishes it from other bitter receptors such as TAS2R8."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "2"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n \nIn addition, screening of soy isoflavonoids identified TAS2R39 as one of the receptors responsive to the bitter soy isoflavone genistein. The receptor is activated by genistein as well as several of its glucosylated derivatives, indicating its involvement in the bitterness of soy products—even though its sensitivity is somewhat lower compared with closely related receptors."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "3"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n \nComplementary evidence from studies on black tea polyphenols shows that TAS2R39 is also activated by particular theaflavin derivatives. The receptor responds in a structure‐dependent manner to compounds such as theaflavin, theaflavin‐3,3′-O-digallate, and theaflavin-3′-O-gallate, underscoring its role in decoding complex bitter stimuli from tea."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "4"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Masataka Narukawa, Chiaki Noga, Yohei Ueno, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Evaluation of the bitterness of green tea catechins by a cell-based assay with the human bitter taste receptor hTAS2R39."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Biochem Biophys Res Commun (2011)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.01.079"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.01.079"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "21272567"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21272567"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Yohei Ueno, Takanobu Sakurai, Shinji Okada, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Human bitter taste receptors hTAS2R8 and hTAS2R39 with differential functions to recognize bitter peptides."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Biosci Biotechnol Biochem (2011)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1271/bbb.100893"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb.100893"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "21670512"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21670512"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Wibke S U Roland, Jean-Paul Vincken, Robin J Gouka, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Soy isoflavones and other isoflavonoids activate the human bitter taste receptors hTAS2R14 and hTAS2R39."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Agric Food Chem (2011)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1021/jf202816u"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1021/jf202816u"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "21942422"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21942422"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 4, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Toyomi Yamazaki, Miki Sagisaka, Riko Ikeda, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The human bitter taste receptor hTAS2R39 is the primary receptor for the bitterness of theaflavins."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Biosci Biotechnol Biochem (2014)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1080/09168451.2014.930326"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1080/09168451.2014.930326"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "25273142"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25273142"}]}]}]}
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| Synonyms | T2R39, T2R57 |
| Proteins | T2R39_HUMAN |
| NCBI Gene ID | 259285 |
| API | |
| Download Associations | |
| Predicted Functions |
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| Co-expressed Genes |
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| Expression in Tissues and Cell Lines |
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TAS2R39 has 1,442 functional associations with biological entities spanning 8 categories (molecular profile, organism, functional term, phrase or reference, chemical, disease, phenotype or trait, structural feature, cell line, cell type or tissue, gene, protein or microRNA) extracted from 65 datasets.
Click the + buttons to view associations for TAS2R39 from the datasets below.
If available, associations are ranked by standardized value
| Dataset | Summary | |
|---|---|---|
| Allen Brain Atlas Adult Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles | tissues with high or low expression of TAS2R39 gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Adult Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| Allen Brain Atlas Adult Mouse Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles | tissues with high or low expression of TAS2R39 gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Adult Mouse Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| Allen Brain Atlas Aging Dementia and Traumatic Brain Injury Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles | tissue samples with high or low expression of TAS2R39 gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Aging Dementia and Traumatic Brain Injury Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by Microarray | tissue samples with high or low expression of TAS2R39 gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by Microarray dataset. | |
| Allen Brain Atlas Prenatal Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles | tissues with high or low expression of TAS2R39 gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Prenatal Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles | cell lines with high or low copy number of TAS2R39 gene relative to other cell lines from the CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset. | |
| CCLE Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles | cell lines with high or low expression of TAS2R39 gene relative to other cell lines from the CCLE Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| ChEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles | transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of TAS2R39 gene from the CHEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset. | |
| ChEA Transcription Factor Targets | transcription factors binding the promoter of TAS2R39 gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets dataset. | |
| ChEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022 | transcription factors binding the promoter of TAS2R39 gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022 dataset. | |
| CM4AI KOLF21J CRISPRi Gene Perturbation Atlas | gene perturbations changing expression of TAS2R39 gene from the CM4AI KOLF21J CRISPRi Gene Perturbation Atlas dataset. | |
| COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores | cellular components containing TAS2R39 protein from the COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset. | |
| COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 | cellular components co-occuring with TAS2R39 protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 dataset. | |
| COSMIC Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles | cell lines with high or low copy number of TAS2R39 gene relative to other cell lines from the COSMIC Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset. | |
| COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles | cell lines with TAS2R39 gene mutations from the COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles dataset. | |
| DepMap CRISPR Gene Dependency | cell lines with fitness changed by TAS2R39 gene knockdown relative to other cell lines from the DepMap CRISPR Gene Dependency dataset. | |
| DGIdb Drug Targets 2026 | interacting drugs for TAS2R39 protein from the DGIdb Drug Targets 2026 dataset. | |
| DISEASES Experimental Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025 | diseases associated with TAS2R39 gene in GWAS datasets from the DISEASES Experimental Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores 2025 dataset. | |
| DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025 | diseases co-occuring with TAS2R39 gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores 2025 dataset. | |
| ENCODE Histone Modification Site Profiles | histone modification site profiles with high histone modification abundance at TAS2R39 gene from the ENCODE Histone Modification Site Profiles dataset. | |
| ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles | transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of TAS2R39 gene from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset. | |
| ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets | transcription factors binding the promoter of TAS2R39 gene in ChIP-seq datasets from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets dataset. | |
| ESCAPE Omics Signatures of Genes and Proteins for Stem Cells | PubMedIDs of publications reporting gene signatures containing TAS2R39 from the ESCAPE Omics Signatures of Genes and Proteins for Stem Cells dataset. | |
| GeneRIF Biological Term Annotations | biological terms co-occuring with TAS2R39 gene in literature-supported statements describing functions of genes from the GeneRIF Biological Term Annotations dataset. | |
| GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Diseases | disease perturbations changing expression of TAS2R39 gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Diseases dataset. | |
| GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Gene Perturbations | gene perturbations changing expression of TAS2R39 gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Gene Perturbations dataset. | |
| GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Kinase Perturbations | kinase perturbations changing expression of TAS2R39 gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Kinase Perturbations dataset. | |
| GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules | small molecule perturbations changing expression of TAS2R39 gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules dataset. | |
| GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Viral Infections | virus perturbations changing expression of TAS2R39 gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Viral Infections dataset. | |
| GO Biological Process Annotations 2015 | biological processes involving TAS2R39 gene from the curated GO Biological Process Annotations 2015 dataset. | |
| GO Biological Process Annotations 2023 | biological processes involving TAS2R39 gene from the curated GO Biological Process Annotations 2023 dataset. | |
| GO Biological Process Annotations 2025 | biological processes involving TAS2R39 gene from the curated GO Biological Process Annotations2025 dataset. | |
| GO Cellular Component Annotations 2015 | cellular components containing TAS2R39 protein from the curated GO Cellular Component Annotations 2015 dataset. | |
| GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 | molecular functions performed by TAS2R39 gene from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset. | |
| GO Molecular Function Annotations 2023 | molecular functions performed by TAS2R39 gene from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2023 dataset. | |
| GO Molecular Function Annotations 2025 | molecular functions performed by TAS2R39 gene from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2025 dataset. | |
| GTEx Tissue Gene Expression Profiles | tissues with high or low expression of TAS2R39 gene relative to other tissues from the GTEx Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| GTEx Tissue Gene Expression Profiles 2023 | tissues with high or low expression of TAS2R39 gene relative to other tissues from the GTEx Tissue Gene Expression Profiles 2023 dataset. | |
| HPA Tissue Protein Expression Profiles | tissues with high or low expression of TAS2R39 protein relative to other tissues from the HPA Tissue Protein Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| HuBMAP Azimuth Cell Type Annotations | cell types associated with TAS2R39 gene from the HuBMAP Azimuth Cell Type Annotations dataset. | |
| HuGE Navigator Gene-Phenotype Associations | phenotypes associated with TAS2R39 gene by text-mining GWAS publications from the HuGE Navigator Gene-Phenotype Associations dataset. | |
| IMPC Knockout Mouse Phenotypes | phenotypes of mice caused by TAS2R39 gene knockout from the IMPC Knockout Mouse Phenotypes dataset. | |
| InterPro Predicted Protein Domain Annotations | protein domains predicted for TAS2R39 protein from the InterPro Predicted Protein Domain Annotations dataset. | |
| JASPAR Predicted Human Transcription Factor Targets 2025 | transcription factors regulating expression of TAS2R39 gene predicted using known transcription factor binding site motifs from the JASPAR Predicted Human Transcription Factor Targets dataset. | |
| JASPAR Predicted Mouse Transcription Factor Targets 2025 | transcription factors regulating expression of TAS2R39 gene predicted using known transcription factor binding site motifs from the JASPAR Predicted Mouse Transcription Factor Targets 2025 dataset. | |
| JASPAR Predicted Transcription Factor Targets | transcription factors regulating expression of TAS2R39 gene predicted using known transcription factor binding site motifs from the JASPAR Predicted Transcription Factor Targets dataset. | |
| KEGG Pathways | pathways involving TAS2R39 protein from the KEGG Pathways dataset. | |
| KEGG Pathways 2026 | pathways involving TAS2R39 protein from the KEGG Pathways 2026 dataset. | |
| Klijn et al., Nat. Biotechnol., 2015 Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles | cell lines with high or low copy number of TAS2R39 gene relative to other cell lines from the Klijn et al., Nat. Biotechnol., 2015 Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset. | |
| KnockTF Gene Expression Profiles with Transcription Factor Perturbations | transcription factor perturbations changing expression of TAS2R39 gene from the KnockTF Gene Expression Profiles with Transcription Factor Perturbations dataset. | |
| LOCATE Predicted Protein Localization Annotations | cellular components predicted to contain TAS2R39 protein from the LOCATE Predicted Protein Localization Annotations dataset. | |
| MGI Mouse Phenotype Associations 2023 | phenotypes of transgenic mice caused by TAS2R39 gene mutations from the MGI Mouse Phenotype Associations 2023 dataset. | |
| MotifMap Predicted Transcription Factor Targets | transcription factors regulating expression of TAS2R39 gene predicted using known transcription factor binding site motifs from the MotifMap Predicted Transcription Factor Targets dataset. | |
| NURSA Protein Complexes | protein complexs containing TAS2R39 protein recovered by IP-MS from the NURSA Protein Complexes dataset. | |
| Reactome Pathways 2014 | pathways involving TAS2R39 protein from the Reactome Pathways dataset. | |
| Reactome Pathways 2024 | pathways involving TAS2R39 protein from the Reactome Pathways 2024 dataset. | |
| Roadmap Epigenomics Histone Modification Site Profiles | histone modification site profiles with high histone modification abundance at TAS2R39 gene from the Roadmap Epigenomics Histone Modification Site Profiles dataset. | |
| Rummagene Transcription Factor Associations 2026 | transcription factors regulating expression of TAS2R39 gene from the Rummagene Transcription Factor Associations 2026 dataset. | |
| RummaGEO Drug Perturbation Signatures | drug perturbations changing expression of TAS2R39 gene from the RummaGEO Drug Perturbation Signatures dataset. | |
| RummaGEO Gene Perturbation Signatures | gene perturbations changing expression of TAS2R39 gene from the RummaGEO Gene Perturbation Signatures dataset. | |
| Tabula Sapiens Gene-Cell Associations | cell types with high or low expression of TAS2R39 gene relative to other cell types from the Tabula Sapiens Gene-Cell Associations dataset. | |
| TCGA Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Tumors | tissue samples with high or low expression of TAS2R39 gene relative to other tissue samples from the TCGA Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Tumors dataset. | |
| TISSUES Text-mining Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores | tissues co-occuring with TAS2R39 protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the TISSUES Text-mining Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores dataset. | |
| TISSUES Text-mining Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores 2025 | tissues co-occuring with TAS2R39 protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the TISSUES Text-mining Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores 2025 dataset. | |
| WikiPathways Pathways 2014 | pathways involving TAS2R39 protein from the Wikipathways Pathways 2014 dataset. | |
