{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nTKTL1 is an aberrant, mutated form of the canonical transketolase enzyme that plays a central role in routing glucose through the nonoxidative branch of the pentose phosphate pathway. In malignant cells, up‐regulation of TKTL1 has been implicated in an enhanced aerobic glycolysis (the “Warburg effect”), resulting in oxygen‐independent glucose degradation, increased lactate production, and the generation of nucleotide precursors that support rapid tumor growth, survival, and invasion. This metabolic reprogramming has been documented in multiple tumor types and is thought to contribute to both altered redox balance and the biosynthetic demands of proliferating cancer cells."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "15"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nExtensive clinical investigations have established TKTL1 not only as a marker of the altered glucose metabolism seen in cancer but also as a promising diagnostic and prognostic indicator. Elevated TKTL1 expression levels have been correlated with aggressive tumor behavior, advanced staging, lymph node involvement, and ultimately, poor patient outcomes in a variety of malignancies including colon, lung, head and neck, renal, and gastrointestinal cancers. Moreover, experimental suppression of TKTL1 in tumor cell models has been shown to reduce glucose consumption, lactate production, and cell proliferation, thereby validating its potential as a therapeutic target in personalized anti-cancer strategies."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "16", "end_ref": "23"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nAt the molecular level, several biochemical and structural studies have shed light on the unusual characteristics of TKTL1. Unlike conventional transketolases, TKTL1 is distinguished by an internal deletion of conserved residues—most notably, a deletion of 38 amino acids in its N-terminal region—which appears to compromise its traditional thiamine-diphosphate binding and catalytic activity. This mutation is believed to endow TKTL1 with an altered reaction modality and substrate specificity, thereby enabling tumor cells to meet their bioenergetic and biosynthetic requirements under challenging conditions. Such mechanistic deviations have spurred ongoing debate regarding the true catalytic function of TKTL1 and its role in neoplastic transformation."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "24", "end_ref": "35"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nBeyond its central role in metabolic reprogramming, TKTL1 has been implicated in additional cellular processes that contribute to the overall malignant phenotype. It appears to modulate responses to hypoxia, enhance resistance to oxidative stress and radiotherapy, and influence apoptotic signaling pathways. Intriguingly, recent studies have even suggested a role for TKTL1 in neurodevelopmental processes, distinguishing modern human neurogenesis from that of Neanderthals. In cancers such as ovarian carcinoma, its up-regulation has been linked to chemotherapeutic resistance, reinforcing the rationale for targeting TKTL1 in novel anti-cancer treatment regimens."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "36", "end_ref": "46"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Johannes F Coy, Dirk Dressler, Juergen Wilde, et al. 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