{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nToll‐like receptor 7 (TLR7) is an endosomal sensor that plays a central role in innate antiviral defense by recognizing single‐stranded RNA from viruses as well as endogenous RNA–protein complexes. Upon ligand binding, TLR7 signals via a MyD88‐dependent pathway to activate downstream transcription factors such as IRF5/7 and NF‐κB, thereby inducing type I interferons and a suite of inflammatory cytokines. This rapid antiviral response is essential for controlling infections such as hepatitis C and influenza, and studies have shown that defects in TLR7 function—such as those uncovered in certain male patients with severe COVID‐19—can lead to impaired interferon production and enhanced viral pathogenesis."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "13"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nBeyond its critical antiviral role, TLR7 is a key contributor to the development and perpetuation of autoimmunity. Enhanced signaling through TLR7—often resulting from gene‐dosage effects, polymorphisms, or escape from X chromosome inactivation—can drive the production of type I interferons and proinflammatory cytokines by plasmacytoid dendritic cells. This in turn encourages the activation and differentiation of B cells toward plasma cell fates, promotes the expansion of autoreactive subsets, and has been linked to the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and other autoimmune disorders. In addition, TLR7 engagement by self RNA–containing immune complexes may diminish the suppressive effects of glucocorticoids, further exacerbating autoimmune inflammation."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "14", "end_ref": "25"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nTLR7 functions also extend to noncanonical and tissue‐specific roles. Expression of TLR7 has been documented not only in classical immune cells but also in cell types such as platelets, sensory neurons, and even tumor cells. In these contexts, TLR7 engagement can trigger processes as diverse as the induction of pruritus and pain via neuronal pathways, modulation of platelet–neutrophil interactions that influence vascular occlusion, and even promotion of tumor cell survival and chemoresistance through NF‐κB‐mediated upregulation of antiapoptotic proteins. Additionally, TLR7 may be erroneously activated by endogenous microRNAs—a mechanism implicated in neurodegeneration and cancer cachexia. Such multifaceted involvement underscores TLR7’s complex contribution to both homeostatic and pathological processes."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "26", "end_ref": "43"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Tomoki Ito, Ryuichi Amakawa, Tsuneyasu Kaisho, et al. 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