{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nTNFSF18, which encodes the ligand for the glucocorticoid‐induced TNF receptor (GITR), plays a central role in modulating both innate and adaptive immune responses. Studies have shown that upon activation—for example, when plasmacytoid dendritic cells are stimulated by viruses or CpG‐ODN—TNFSF18 is upregulated and helps coactivate natural killer (NK) cells by promoting cytotoxicity and interferon‐γ secretion. In parallel, regulatory T cells (Treg) utilize TNFSF18–GITR interactions to modulate B cell function and influence immunoglobulin class switching, with downstream effects that include IgG4 induction. Furthermore, type I interferons such as IFN‑β can indirectly expand Treg populations via dendritic cell modulation that involves upregulation of TNFSF18, while costimulatory effects on conventional T cells further underscore its multifaceted role in immune regulation."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "4"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn the context of tumor immunology, TNFSF18 displayed on the surface of tumor cells or delivered in soluble form acts as a modulator of antitumor immunity. Several studies have reported that tumor‐derived TNFSF18 can downregulate the cytotoxic functions of NK cells, thereby diminishing interferon‐γ production and reducing tumor cell killing. In some cases, platelets take up TNFSF18 from megakaryocytes and, upon activation, transfer it onto tumor cell surfaces, effectively “camouflaging” the tumor cells from immune attack. Additionally, observations in breast cancer indicate that aberrant expression of the ligand may be linked to tumor survival and progression through similar immune‐suppressive mechanisms."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "5", "end_ref": "8"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nMolecularly, TNFSF18 exhibits unique structural and signaling properties that dictate its biological activity. Crystallographic and biochemical studies reveal that the human TNFSF18 ectodomain can exist as a loosely associated trimer—whose oligomerization state can influence receptor binding affinity and downstream costimulatory potency—and may even form higher‐order assemblies. In macrophages, engagement by TNFSF18 triggers the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, matrix metalloproteinases, and adhesion molecules via pathways such as ERK1/2 and NF‑κB. Moreover, its expression in specialized tissues such as the retinal pigment epithelium has been implicated in breaking local immunosuppressive mechanisms (for instance, those underpinning ocular immune privilege)."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "9", "end_ref": "13"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nTNFSF18 is also critically involved in several autoimmune and inflammatory conditions. In diseases such as Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, autoimmune arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjögren syndrome, and inflammatory skin disorders like atopic dermatitis, increased expression or serum levels of TNFSF18 have been correlated with dysregulated Th17/Treg balance, elevated autoantibody production, and enhanced inflammatory cytokine/chemokine profiles. Furthermore, distinct dendritic cell subsets, upon exposure to interferon‐α/β, can differentially regulate TNFSF18, thereby influencing local immune responses in tissues such as the skin. These cumulative observations highlight the ligand’s role not only as a costimulatory molecule but also as a modulator of immune tolerance and inflammation."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "14", "end_ref": "21"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nBeyond these roles, the TNFSF18–GITR axis has been implicated in the regulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) functions, with experimental models demonstrating that blockade of this pathway can restore MDSC suppressive activity and ameliorate disease features in conditions such as primary Sjögren syndrome. Optimized forms of soluble TNFSF18, engineered for enforced trimerization, have also been shown to significantly enhance T cell costimulation through prolonged ERK1/2 activation—highlighting its potential as a therapeutic target in settings ranging from autoimmunity to immuno-oncology."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "22", "end_ref": "24"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nEmerging evidence further expands the functional landscape of TNFSF18 in other contexts including neuroinflammatory processes and organ transplantation. For instance, early data suggest that TNFSF18–GITR interactions may influence the balance between immune activation and tolerance in environments such as the liver, thereby affecting outcomes in transplantation models. Similarly, modulation of this pathway may contribute to neurodegenerative signaling cascades, arguably through crosstalk with other proapoptotic TNF family members."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "25"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Shino Hanabuchi, Norihiko Watanabe, Yi-Hong Wang, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Human plasmacytoid predendritic cells activate NK cells through glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor-ligand (GITRL)."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Blood (2006)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1182/blood-2005-08-3419"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2005-08-3419"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "16397134"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16397134"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Judith S Satoguina, Tomabu Adjobimey, Kathrin Arndts, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Tr1 and naturally occurring regulatory T cells induce IgG4 in B cells through GITR/GITR-L interaction, IL-10 and TGF-beta."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Eur J Immunol (2008)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1002/eji.200838193"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/eji.200838193"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "18924213"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18924213"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Meiyue Chen, Guangjie Chen, Shaohua Deng, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "IFN-β induces the proliferation of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells through upregulation of GITRL on dendritic cells in the treatment of multiple sclerosis."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Neuroimmunol (2012)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.jneuroim.2011.10.014"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroim.2011.10.014"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "22112394"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22112394"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 4, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Sandra Tuyaerts, Sonja Van Meirvenne, Aude Bonehill, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Expression of human GITRL on myeloid dendritic cells enhances their immunostimulatory function but does not abrogate the suppressive effect of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Leukoc Biol (2007)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1189/jlb.0906568"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1189/jlb.0906568"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "17449724"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17449724"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 5, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Katrin M Baltz, Matthias Krusch, Anita Bringmann, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cancer immunoediting by GITR (glucocorticoid-induced TNF-related protein) ligand in humans: NK cell/tumor cell interactions."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "FASEB J (2007)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1096/fj.06-7724com"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.06-7724com"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "17360848"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17360848"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 6, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Theresa Placke, Helmut R Salih, Hans-Georg Kopp "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "GITR ligand provided by thrombopoietic cells inhibits NK cell antitumor activity."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Immunol (2012)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.4049/jimmunol.1103194"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1103194"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "22649191"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22649191"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 7, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Katrin M Baltz, Matthias Krusch, Tina Baessler, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Neutralization of tumor-derived soluble glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related protein ligand increases NK cell anti-tumor reactivity."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Blood (2008)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1182/blood-2008-03-143016"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2008-03-143016"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "18689545"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18689545"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 8, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Yon Seon Kim, Hyo Won Jung, Ji Choi, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Expression of AITR and AITR ligand in breast cancer patients."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Oncol Rep (2007)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "17914571"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17914571"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 9, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Kausik Chattopadhyay, Udupi A Ramagopal, Arunika Mukhopadhaya, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Assembly and structural properties of glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor ligand: Implications for function."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2007)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1073/pnas.0709264104"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0709264104"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "18040044"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18040044"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 10, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Eun Mi Bae, Won-Jung Kim, Kyoungho Suk, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Reverse signaling initiated from GITRL induces NF-kappaB activation through ERK in the inflammatory activation of macrophages."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mol Immunol (2008)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.molimm.2007.05.013"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molimm.2007.05.013"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "17602748"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17602748"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 11, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Zhaocai Zhou, Xiaomin Song, Alan Berezov, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Human glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor ligand regulates its signaling activity through multiple oligomerization states."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2008)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1073/pnas.0711350105"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0711350105"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "18378892"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18378892"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 12, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Sankaranarayana P Mahesh, Zhuqing Li, Baoying Liu, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Expression of GITR ligand abrogates immunosuppressive function of ocular tissue and differentially modulates inflammatory cytokines and chemokines."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Eur J Immunol (2006)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1002/eji.200635893"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/eji.200635893"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "16874737"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16874737"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 13, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Feng Wang, Bryant Chau, Sean M West, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Structures of mouse and human GITR-GITRL complexes reveal unique TNF superfamily interactions."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nat Commun (2021)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/s41467-021-21563-z"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-21563-z"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "33654081"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33654081"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 14, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Yingzhao Liu, Xinyi Tang, Jie Tian, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Th17/Treg cells imbalance and GITRL profile in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Int J Mol Sci (2014)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.3390/ijms151221674"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms151221674"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "25429429"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25429429"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 15, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Xinyi Tang, Jie Tian, Jie Ma, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "GITRL modulates the activities of p38 MAPK and STAT3 to promote Th17 cell differentiation in autoimmune arthritis."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Oncotarget (2016)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.18632/oncotarget.6535"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.6535"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "26657118"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26657118"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 16, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Xiaoxia Gan, Xiaoke Feng, Lei Gu, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Correlation of increased blood levels of GITR and GITRL with disease severity in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Clin Dev Immunol (2013)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1155/2013/340751"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/340751"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "23935647"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23935647"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 17, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Melanie Girard, Jaclyn C Law, Maria I Edilova, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Type I interferons drive the maturation of human DC3s with a distinct costimulatory profile characterized by high GITRL."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Sci Immunol (2020)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1126/sciimmunol.abe0347"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1126/sciimmunol.abe0347"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "33188059"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33188059"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 18, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Lei Gu, Lingxiao Xu, Xiaojun Zhang, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Correlation of circulating glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related protein ligand levels with disease activity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Clin Dev Immunol (2012)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1155/2012/265868"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/265868"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "23251213"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23251213"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 19, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "A M Byrne, E Goleva, F Chouiali, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Induction of GITRL expression in human keratinocytes by Th2 cytokines and TNF-α: implications for atopic dermatitis."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Clin Exp Allergy (2012)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1111/j.1365-2222.2012.03956.x"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2012.03956.x"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "22417213"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22417213"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 20, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Jane Baumgartner-Nielsen, Christian Vestergaard, Kristian Thestrup-Pedersen, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Glucocorticoid-induced tumour necrosis factor receptor (GITR) and its ligand (GITRL) in atopic dermatitis."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Acta Derm Venereol (2006)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.2340/00015555-0118"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.2340/00015555-0118"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "16955181"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16955181"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 21, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Linbo Li, Wen Wen, Rulin Jia, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "GITRL is associated with increased autoantibody production in patients with rheumatoid arthritis."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Clin Rheumatol (2016)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1007/s10067-016-3280-3"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-016-3280-3"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "27098050"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27098050"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 22, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Jie Tian, Ke Rui, Yue Hong, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Increased GITRL Impairs the Function of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells and Exacerbates Primary Sjögren Syndrome."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Immunol (2019)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.4049/jimmunol.1801051"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1801051"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "30760623"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30760623"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 23, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Dawei Cui, Shengjun Wang, Yu Chen, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "An isoleucine-zipper motif enhances costimulation of human soluble trimeric GITR ligand."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cell Mol Immunol (2010)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/cmi.2010.7"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/cmi.2010.7"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "20228835"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20228835"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 24, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Giulia Di Benedetto, Salvatore Saccone, Laurence Lempereur, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The Proinflammatory Cytokine GITRL Contributes to TRAIL-mediated Neurotoxicity in the HCN-2 Human Neuronal Cell Line."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Curr Alzheimer Res (2017)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.2174/1567205014666170519113912"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.2174/1567205014666170519113912"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "28524007"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28524007"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 25, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "S Wei, J Li, Z Lian, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Expression of glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor ligand in rat graft after liver transplantation."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Transplant Proc (2011)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.transproceed.2011.03.054"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2011.03.054"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "21693309"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21693309"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 26, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Yuzhou Gan, Haotian Zhou, Yixue Guo, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "A GITRL-mTORC1-GM-CSF Positive Loop Promotes Pathogenic Th17 Response in Primary Sjögren Syndrome."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Arthritis Rheumatol (2024)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1002/art.42859"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/art.42859"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "38589318"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38589318"}]}]}]}