{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nTumor protein D52 (TPD52) is a gene frequently amplified at chromosome 8q21 and overexpressed in a wide spectrum of human cancers. In ovarian carcinomas, for example, TPD52 overexpression—often reflecting increased gene copy number—has been observed in the vast majority of cases, while in breast cancers high TPD52 levels (often seen in tumors co‐expressing oncogenic ERBB2) and its broad upregulation across multiple cancer types have been linked to poor clinical outcome. Similar patterns have been reported in lung squamous cell carcinoma and colorectal cancer, where TPD52 upregulation is associated with increased aggressiveness. In addition, studies have revealed that proteins such as the four‐transmembrane MAL2 can physically interact with TPD52 in epithelial cancers, further implicating its involvement in tumorigenesis."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "8"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nFunctional studies further illustrate that TPD52 plays a central role in promoting oncogenic processes. In prostate cancer models, silencing TPD52 induces apoptosis and markedly reduces cell proliferation, migration, and invasion—findings that are underscored by the regulation of its expression by tumor‐suppressive microRNAs such as miR‑224 and miR‑218. Moreover, a distinct family member—PrLZ, an androgen‐responsive gene belonging to the TPD52 family—has been shown to interact directly with the androgen receptor to enhance its transcriptional activity, thereby supporting tumor progression under castration‐resistant conditions."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "9", "end_ref": "14"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn addition to its well‐documented oncogenic role, TPD52 exhibits context‐dependent functions. In renal cell carcinoma, for instance, diminished TPD52 expression correlates with enhanced tumorigenicity while its exogenous re‐expression suppresses PI3K/Akt signaling. Beyond influencing proliferation and invasion, TPD52 can regulate vesicular trafficking and lysosomal membrane dynamics in a calcium‐dependent manner, suggesting roles in secretory processes. Furthermore, specific TPD52 family members have been implicated in modulating lipid droplet biogenesis and cellular fatty acid storage, and expression analyses in hematologic malignancies indicate that certain D52‐like transcripts may serve as differentiation markers. A comprehensive review of TPD52 further highlights its potential as a biomarker and therapeutic target across multiple cancer types."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "15", "end_ref": "20"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Lakshmi Kanta Mondal, Krishnendu Sarkar, Himadri Datta, et al. 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