TPMT Gene

Name	thiopurine S-methyltransferase
Description	This gene encodes the enzyme that metabolizes thiopurine drugs via S-adenosyl-L-methionine as the S-methyl donor and S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine as a byproduct. Thiopurine drugs such as 6-mercaptopurine are used as chemotherapeutic agents. Genetic polymorphisms that affect this enzymatic activity are correlated with variations in sensitivity and toxicity to such drugs within individuals, causing thiopurine S-methyltransferase deficiency. Related pseudogenes have been identified on chromosomes 3, 18 and X. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2014]
Summary	{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nThiopurine S‐methyltransferase (TPMT) is a key cytosolic enzyme that catalyzes the S‐methylation of thiopurine drugs—including 6‑mercaptopurine, azathioprine, and 6‑thioguanine—thereby inactivating these compounds and preventing the build‐up of toxic metabolites. A large body of work has demonstrated that genetic polymorphisms in the TPMT gene give rise to marked interindividual differences in enzyme activity. Patients with low or absent TPMT activity (due to homozygous or compound heterozygous variants) are at high risk for severe myelotoxicity, while those with intermediate enzyme levels (typically heterozygotes) experience altered drug metabolism that can both decrease efficacy and predispose to adverse events. These findings underscore the importance of using TPMT genotyping or phenotyping to individualize thiopurine dosing in the clinical management of conditions such as acute lymphoblastic leukemia, inflammatory bowel disease, and autoimmune hepatitis."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "18"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nAt the molecular level, extensive investigations have characterized the mechanisms by which TPMT variants confer altered enzyme activity. Several studies have revealed that common mutant alleles—such as TPMT3A—lead to protein misfolding, aggregation, and rapid proteasomal degradation. This molecular instability results in markedly reduced TPMT protein levels and activity, providing a mechanistic explanation for the extreme sensitivity to thiopurine toxicity observed in deficient patients. High concordance between genotype and phenotype has been documented, while structural and kinetic analyses have quantified the impact of specific amino acid substitutions on enzyme function and stability. These insights are critical for understanding the pharmacogenetic basis of treatment response and adverse reactions."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "19", "end_ref": "37"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nPopulation studies have further delineated the distribution of TPMT polymorphisms across diverse ethnic groups, emphasizing significant variation that impacts thiopurine dosing and toxicity risk. Pharmacogenomic testing is increasingly recognized as an essential component in tailoring therapy—not only to minimize life‐threatening myelotoxicity but also to optimize efficacy—by integrating TPMT status with other genetic determinants such as ITPA and NUDT15. Moreover, while TPMT has been evaluated as a potential contributor to other adverse effects (for example, studies exploring its role in cisplatin‐induced ototoxicity have yielded mixed results), its primary clinical utility remains in predicting thiopurine tolerance and guiding individualized dose selection."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "38", "end_ref": "44"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "M Hiratsuka, T Inoue, F Omori, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Genetic analysis of thiopurine methyltransferase polymorphism in a Japanese population."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mutat Res (2000)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/s0027-5107(00)00004-x"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0027-5107(00"}, {"type": "t", "text": "00004-x) PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10751626"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10751626"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "T Kubota, K Chiba "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Frequencies of thiopurine S-methyltransferase mutant alleles (TPMT"}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "2, "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "3A, 3B and "}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "3C) in 151 healthy Japanese subjects and the inheritance of TPMT"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "3C in the family of a propositus."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Br J Clin Pharmacol (2001)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1046/j.1365-2125.2001.01371.x"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2125.2001.01371.x"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "11422006"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11422006"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Jan-Gowth Chang, Long-Shyong Lee, Chih-Mei Chen, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Molecular analysis of thiopurine S-methyltransferase alleles in South-east Asian populations."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Pharmacogenetics (2002)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1097/00008571-200204000-00003"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1097/00008571-200204000-00003"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "11927834"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11927834"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 4, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "S K Y Kham, P L Tan, A H N Tay, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Thiopurine methyltransferase polymorphisms in a multiracial asian population and children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Pediatr Hematol Oncol (2002)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1097/00043426-200206000-00006"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1097/00043426-200206000-00006"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12142782"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12142782"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 5, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Matthias Schwab, Elke Schäffeler, Claudia Marx, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Azathioprine therapy and adverse drug reactions in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: impact of thiopurine S-methyltransferase polymorphism."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Pharmacogenetics (2002)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1097/00008571-200208000-00003"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1097/00008571-200208000-00003"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12172211"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12172211"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 6, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Peter G Langley, James Underhill, J Michael Tredger, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Thiopurine methyltransferase phenotype and genotype in relation to azathioprine therapy in autoimmune hepatitis."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Hepatol (2002)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/s0168-8278(02)00214-3"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-8278(02"}, {"type": "t", "text": "00214-3) PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12217596"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12217596"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 7, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Anthony M Marinaki, Monica Arenas, Zubair H Khan, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Genetic determinants of the thiopurine methyltransferase intermediate activity phenotype in British Asians and Caucasians."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Pharmacogenetics (2003)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1097/00008571-200302000-00006"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1097/00008571-200302000-00006"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12563179"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12563179"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 8, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Samar I Hamdy, Masahiro Hiratsuka, Kaori Narahara, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Genotype and allele frequencies of TPMT, NAT2, GST, SULT1A1 and MDR-1 in the Egyptian population."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Br J Clin Pharmacol (2003)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1046/j.1365-2125.2003.01786.x"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2125.2003.01786.x"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12814450"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12814450"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 9, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "L E Laróvere, R Dodelson de Kremer, L H J Lambooy, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Genetic polymorphism of thiopurine S-methyltransferase in Argentina."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Ann Clin Biochem (2003)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1258/000456303766477039"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1258/000456303766477039"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12880540"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12880540"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 10, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "R B Gearry, M L Barclay, M J Burt, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT) genotype does not predict adverse drug reactions to thiopurine drugs in patients with inflammatory bowel disease."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Aliment Pharmacol Ther (2003)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1046/j.1365-2036.2003.01690.x"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2036.2003.01690.x"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12940924"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12940924"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 11, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Liewei Wang, William Sullivan, David Toft, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Thiopurine S-methyltransferase pharmacogenetics: chaperone protein association and allozyme degradation."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Pharmacogenetics (2003)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1097/01.fpc.0000054124.14659.99"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1097/01.fpc.0000054124.14659.99"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12972954"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12972954"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 12, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Eugene Krynetski, William E Evans "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Drug methylation in cancer therapy: lessons from the TPMT polymorphism."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Oncogene (2003)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/sj.onc.1206944"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1206944"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "14576848"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14576848"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 13, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Sofie Haglund, Malin Lindqvist, Sven Almer, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Pyrosequencing of TPMT alleles in a general Swedish population and in patients with inflammatory bowel disease."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Clin Chem (2004)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1373/clinchem.2003.023846"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2003.023846"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "14656901"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14656901"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 14, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Catherine Ganiere-Monteil, Yves Medard, Corinne Lejus, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Phenotype and genotype for thiopurine methyltransferase activity in the French Caucasian population: impact of age."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Eur J Clin Pharmacol (2004)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1007/s00228-004-0732-5"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00228-004-0732-5"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "15022030"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15022030"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 15, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Elke Schaeffeler, Christine Fischer, Dierk Brockmeier, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Comprehensive analysis of thiopurine S-methyltransferase phenotype-genotype correlation in a large population of German-Caucasians and identification of novel TPMT variants."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Pharmacogenetics (2004)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1097/01.fpc.0000114745.08559.db"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1097/01.fpc.0000114745.08559.db"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "15226673"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15226673"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 16, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Wooin Lee, A Craig Lockhart, Richard B Kim, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cancer pharmacogenomics: powerful tools in cancer chemotherapy and drug development."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Oncologist (2005)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1634/theoncologist.10-2-104"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.10-2-104"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "15709212"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15709212"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 17, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Martin Stanulla, Elke Schaeffeler, Thomas Flohr, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) genotype and early treatment response to mercaptopurine in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "JAMA (2005)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1001/jama.293.12.1485"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.293.12.1485"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "15784872"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15784872"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 18, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Balram Chowbay, Shufeng Zhou, Edmund J D Lee "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "An interethnic comparison of polymorphisms of the genes encoding drug-metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters: experience in Singapore."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Drug Metab Rev (2005)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1081/dmr-28805"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1081/dmr-28805"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "15931768"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15931768"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 19, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Liewei Wang, Tien V Nguyen, Richard W McLaughlin, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Human thiopurine S-methyltransferase pharmacogenetics: variant allozyme misfolding and aggresome formation."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2005)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1073/pnas.0502352102"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0502352102"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "15967990"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15967990"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 20, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "David P Breen, Anthony M Marinaki, Monica Arenas, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Pharmacogenetic association with adverse drug reactions to azathioprine immunosuppressive therapy following liver transplantation."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Liver Transpl (2005)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1002/lt.20377"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/lt.20377"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "15973722"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15973722"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 21, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Thierry Dervieux, Gary Meyer, Robert Barham, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis of erythrocyte thiopurine nucleotides and effect of thiopurine methyltransferase gene variants on these metabolites in patients receiving azathioprine/6-mercaptopurine therapy."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Clin Chem (2005)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1373/clinchem.2005.050831"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2005.050831"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "16166171"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16166171"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 22, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nicolas von Ahsen, Victor W Armstrong, Christoph Behrens, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Association of inosine triphosphatase 94C>A and thiopurine S-methyltransferase deficiency with adverse events and study drop-outs under azathioprine therapy in a prospective Crohn disease study."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Clin Chem (2005)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1373/clinchem.2005.057158"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2005.057158"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "16214825"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16214825"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 23, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Luc J J Derijks, Lennard P L Gilissen, Leopold G J B Engels, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Pharmacokinetics of 6-thioguanine in patients with inflammatory bowel disease."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Ther Drug Monit (2006)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1097/01.ftd.0000179839.71138.6d"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ftd.0000179839.71138.6d"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "16418693"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16418693"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 24, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Zuzana Zelinkova, Luc J J Derijks, Pieter C F Stokkers, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Inosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase and thiopurine s-methyltransferase genotypes relationship to azathioprine-induced myelosuppression."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol (2006)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.cgh.2005.10.019"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2005.10.019"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "16431304"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16431304"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 25, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Michael A Heneghan, Michael L Allan, Jeffrey D Bornstein, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Utility of thiopurine methyltransferase genotyping and phenotyping, and measurement of azathioprine metabolites in the management of patients with autoimmune hepatitis."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Hepatol (2006)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.jhep.2006.05.011"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2006.05.011"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "16876902"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16876902"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 26, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Gabriele Stocco, Stefano Martelossi, Arrigo Barabino, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Glutathione-S-transferase genotypes and the adverse effects of azathioprine in young patients with inflammatory bowel disease."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Inflamm Bowel Dis (2007)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1002/ibd.20004"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/ibd.20004"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "17206640"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17206640"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 27, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Shirley Kow Yin Kham, Chin Kok Soh, Te Chih Liu, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Thiopurine S-methyltransferase activity in three major Asian populations: a population-based study in Singapore."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Eur J Clin Pharmacol (2008)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1007/s00228-007-0426-x"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00228-007-0426-x"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "18193212"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18193212"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 28, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Sharon J Gardiner, Richard B Gearry, Evan J Begg, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Thiopurine dose in intermediate and normal metabolizers of thiopurine methyltransferase may differ three-fold."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol (2008)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.cgh.2008.02.032"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2008.02.032"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "18467186"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18467186"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 29, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "A Garat, C Cauffiez, N Renault, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Characterisation of novel defective thiopurine S-methyltransferase allelic variants."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Biochem Pharmacol (2008)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.bcp.2008.05.009"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2008.05.009"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "18602085"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18602085"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 30, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "A Ansari, M Arenas, S M Greenfield, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Prospective evaluation of the pharmacogenetics of azathioprine in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Aliment Pharmacol Ther (2008)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1111/j.1365-2036.2008.03788.x"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2008.03788.x"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "18616518"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18616518"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 31, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Shuta Ujiie, Takamitsu Sasaki, Michinao Mizugaki, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Functional characterization of 23 allelic variants of thiopurine S-methyltransferase gene (TPMT"}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "2 - "}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "24)."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Pharmacogenet Genomics (2008)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1097/FPC.0b013e3283097328"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1097/FPC.0b013e3283097328"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "18708949"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18708949"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 32, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "K Schmiegelow, E Forestier, J Kristinsson, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Thiopurine methyltransferase activity is related to the risk of relapse of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: results from the NOPHO ALL-92 study."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Leukemia (2009)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/leu.2008.316"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/leu.2008.316"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "18987654"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18987654"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 33, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Kan Uchiyama, Makoto Nakamura, Takahiro Kubota, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Thiopurine S-methyltransferase and inosine triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase genes in Japanese patients with inflammatory bowel disease in whom adverse drug reactions were induced by azathioprine/6-mercaptopurine treatment."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Gastroenterol (2009)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1007/s00535-008-2307-1"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00535-008-2307-1"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "19214663"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19214663"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 34, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Noritaka Takatsu, Toshiyuki Matsui, Yuji Murakami, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Adverse reactions to azathioprine cannot be predicted by thiopurine S-methyltransferase genotype in Japanese patients with inflammatory bowel disease."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Gastroenterol Hepatol (2009)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1111/j.1440-1746.2009.05917.x"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1746.2009.05917.x"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "19682195"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19682195"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 35, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Jenny E Higgs, Katherine Payne, Chris Roberts, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Are patients with intermediate TPMT activity at increased risk of myelosuppression when taking thiopurine medications?"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Pharmacogenomics (2010)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.2217/pgs.09.155"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.2217/pgs.09.155"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "20136357"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20136357"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 36, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Jae Hak Kim, Jae Hee Cheon, Seong Soo Hong, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Influences of thiopurine methyltransferase genotype and activity on thiopurine-induced leukopenia in Korean patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a retrospective cohort study."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Clin Gastroenterol (2010)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1097/MCG.0b013e3181d6baf5"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1097/MCG.0b013e3181d6baf5"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "20308917"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20308917"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 37, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Hiromistu Ban, Akira Andoh, Hirotsugu Imaeda, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The multidrug-resistance protein 4 polymorphism is a new factor accounting for thiopurine sensitivity in Japanese patients with inflammatory bowel disease."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Gastroenterol (2010)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1007/s00535-010-0248-y"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00535-010-0248-y"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "20393862"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20393862"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 38, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Gabriele Stocco, Wenjian Yang, Kristine R Crews, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "PACSIN2 polymorphism influences TPMT activity and mercaptopurine-related gastrointestinal toxicity."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Hum Mol Genet (2012)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1093/hmg/dds302"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/dds302"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "22846425"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22846425"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 39, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "K Pussegoda, C J Ross, H Visscher, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Replication of TPMT and ABCC3 genetic variants highly associated with cisplatin-induced hearing loss in children."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Clin Pharmacol Ther (2013)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/clpt.2013.80"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/clpt.2013.80"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "23588304"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23588304"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 40, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J J Yang, J Y S Lim, J Huang, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The role of inherited TPMT and COMT genetic variation in cisplatin-induced ototoxicity in children with cancer."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Clin Pharmacol Ther (2013)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/clpt.2013.121"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/clpt.2013.121"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "23820299"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23820299"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 41, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Melanie M Hagleitner, Marieke J H Coenen, Ana Patino-Garcia, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Influence of genetic variants in TPMT and COMT associated with cisplatin induced hearing loss in patients with cancer: two new cohorts and a meta-analysis reveal significant heterogeneity between cohorts."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "PLoS One (2014)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1371/journal.pone.0115869"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0115869"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "25551397"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25551397"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 42, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Marieke J H Coenen, Dirk J de Jong, Corine J van Marrewijk, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Identification of Patients With Variants in TPMT and Dose Reduction Reduces Hematologic Events During Thiopurine Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Gastroenterology (2015)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1053/j.gastro.2015.06.002"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2015.06.002"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "26072396"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26072396"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 43, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Signe Thiesen, Peng Yin, Andrea L Jorgensen, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "TPMT, COMT and ACYP2 genetic variants in paediatric cancer patients with cisplatin-induced ototoxicity."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Pharmacogenet Genomics (2017)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1097/FPC.0000000000000281"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1097/FPC.0000000000000281"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "28445188"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28445188"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 44, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Elke Schaeffeler, Simon U Jaeger, Verena Klumpp, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Impact of NUDT15 genetics on severe thiopurine-related hematotoxicity in patients with European ancestry."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Genet Med (2019)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/s41436-019-0448-7"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41436-019-0448-7"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "30728528"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30728528"}]}]}]}
Synonyms	TPMTD
Proteins	TPMT_HUMAN
NCBI Gene ID	7172
API
Download Associations
Predicted Functions
Co-expressed Genes
Expression in Tissues and Cell Lines

Functional Associations

TPMT has 7,056 functional associations with biological entities spanning 9 categories (molecular profile, organism, chemical, disease, phenotype or trait, functional term, phrase or reference, structural feature, cell line, cell type or tissue, gene, protein or microRNA, sequence feature) extracted from 127 datasets.

Click the + buttons to view associations for TPMT from the datasets below.

If available, associations are ranked by standardized value

Harmonizome 3.0

TPMT Gene

Functional Associations

Please acknowledge the Harmonizome in your publications by citing the following reference(s):

	Dataset	Summary
	Achilles Cell Line Gene Essentiality Profiles	cell lines with fitness changed by TPMT gene knockdown relative to other cell lines from the Achilles Cell Line Gene Essentiality Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Adult Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	tissues with high or low expression of TPMT gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Adult Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Adult Mouse Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	tissues with high or low expression of TPMT gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Adult Mouse Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Aging Dementia and Traumatic Brain Injury Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles	tissue samples with high or low expression of TPMT gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Aging Dementia and Traumatic Brain Injury Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by Microarray	tissue samples with high or low expression of TPMT gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by Microarray dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by RNA-seq	tissue samples with high or low expression of TPMT gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by RNA-seq dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Prenatal Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	tissues with high or low expression of TPMT gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Prenatal Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	BioGPS Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles	cell lines with high or low expression of TPMT gene relative to other cell lines from the BioGPS Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	BioGPS Human Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	cell types and tissues with high or low expression of TPMT gene relative to other cell types and tissues from the BioGPS Human Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	BioGPS Mouse Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	cell types and tissues with high or low expression of TPMT gene relative to other cell types and tissues from the BioGPS Mouse Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Carcinogenome Chemical Perturbation Carcinogenicity Signatures	small molecule perturbations changing expression of TPMT gene from the Carcinogenome Chemical Perturbation Carcinogenicity Signatures dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles	cell lines with high or low copy number of TPMT gene relative to other cell lines from the CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles	cell lines with high or low expression of TPMT gene relative to other cell lines from the CCLE Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Proteomics	Cell lines associated with TPMT protein from the CCLE Cell Line Proteomics dataset.
	CellMarker Gene-Cell Type Associations	cell types associated with TPMT gene from the CellMarker Gene-Cell Type Associations dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles	transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of TPMT gene from the CHEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Targets	transcription factors binding the promoter of TPMT gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022	transcription factors binding the promoter of TPMT gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022 dataset.
	ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations	phenotypes associated with TPMT gene from the curated ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations dataset.
	ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations 2025	phenotypes associated with TPMT gene from the curated ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations 2025 dataset.
	CMAP Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules	small molecule perturbations changing expression of TPMT gene from the CMAP Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores	cellular components containing TPMT protein from the COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores	cellular components co-occuring with TPMT protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025	cellular components co-occuring with TPMT protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	COSMIC Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles	cell lines with high or low copy number of TPMT gene relative to other cell lines from the COSMIC Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset.
	COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles	cell lines with TPMT gene mutations from the COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles dataset.
	CTD Gene-Chemical Interactions	chemicals interacting with TPMT gene/protein from the curated CTD Gene-Chemical Interactions dataset.
	CTD Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with TPMT gene/protein from the curated CTD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
	DepMap CRISPR Gene Dependency	cell lines with fitness changed by TPMT gene knockdown relative to other cell lines from the DepMap CRISPR Gene Dependency dataset.
	DISEASES Curated Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025	diseases involving TPMT gene from the DISEASES Curated Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	DISEASES Experimental Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025	diseases associated with TPMT gene in GWAS datasets from the DISEASES Experimental Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores	diseases co-occuring with TPMT gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores dataset.
	DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025	diseases co-occuring with TPMT gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with TPMT gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
	DisGeNET Gene-Phenotype Associations	phenotypes associated with TPMT gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Phenoptype Associations dataset.
	DrugBank Drug Targets	interacting drugs for TPMT protein from the curated DrugBank Drug Targets dataset.
	ENCODE Histone Modification Site Profiles	histone modification site profiles with high histone modification abundance at TPMT gene from the ENCODE Histone Modification Site Profiles dataset.
	ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles	transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of TPMT gene from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset.
	ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets	transcription factors binding the promoter of TPMT gene in ChIP-seq datasets from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets dataset.
	ESCAPE Omics Signatures of Genes and Proteins for Stem Cells	PubMedIDs of publications reporting gene signatures containing TPMT from the ESCAPE Omics Signatures of Genes and Proteins for Stem Cells dataset.