TRDMT1 Gene

Name	tRNA aspartic acid methyltransferase 1
Description	This gene encodes a protein responsible for the methylation of aspartic acid transfer RNA, specifically at the cytosine-38 residue in the anticodon loop. This enzyme also possesses residual DNA-(cytosine-C5) methyltransferase activity. While similar in sequence and structure to DNA cytosine methyltransferases, this gene is distinct and highly conserved in its function among taxa. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2010]
Summary	{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nTRDMT1, also known as DNMT2, is a highly conserved methyltransferase best known for catalyzing the formation of 5‐methylcytosine at position 38 in specific tRNAs (for example, tRNA_Asp) rather than acting as a classical DNA methyltransferase. In vitro and in vivo studies have confirmed its canonical role in tRNA modification, while also revealing a weak activity on DNA under specific sequence contexts."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nBeyond tRNA modification, TRDMT1 plays multifaceted roles in cellular stress responses and RNA processing. Its expression is upregulated following viral infections such as hepatitis B, and the protein is capable of relocating from the nucleus to cytoplasmic stress granules under stress conditions. This shuttling is linked to the methylation of diverse RNA species, including mRNAs and viral RNAs, which in turn can stabilize viral genomes as observed in HIV-1 infections."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "3", "end_ref": "5"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nAdditional investigations have revealed that TRDMT1 affects fundamental cellular processes, including cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. For example, CRISPR-based knockdown in HEK293 cells leads to inhibited proliferation and migration accompanied by altered mRNA m5C methylation patterns, while in acute myeloid leukemia cells it can function as a competing endogenous RNA that sequesters miR-181a to promote myeloid differentiation. Concurrently, oncogenic mutations in TRDMT1 identified in various cancers have been shown to significantly alter its tRNA methylation activity. Detailed structural and biochemical studies have mapped its tRNA binding site and defined the substrate recognition motifs necessary for its activity."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "6", "end_ref": "10"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nFurthermore, TRDMT1 is implicated in modulating the cellular response to environmental stressors. In granulosa cells, reactive oxygen species induce nuclear shuttling of TRDMT1, where its methylation activity enhances the repair of DNA damage—a process that is key to preventing premature ovarian failure. In parallel, targeted knockout approaches in cancer cell models reveal that loss of TRDMT1 exacerbates endoplasmic reticulum stress responses and alters microRNA profiles during chemotherapeutic treatment, ultimately affecting cell fate."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "11"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mary Grace Goll, Finn Kirpekar, Keith A Maggert, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Methylation of tRNAAsp by the DNA methyltransferase homolog Dnmt2."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Science (2006)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1126/science.1120976"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1120976"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "16424344"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16424344"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Andrea Hermann, Sigrid Schmitt, Albert Jeltsch "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The human Dnmt2 has residual DNA-(cytosine-C5) methyltransferase activity."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Biol Chem (2003)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1074/jbc.M305448200"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M305448200"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12794065"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12794065"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Perumal Vivekanandan, Hubert Darius-J Daniel, Rajesh Kannangai, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Hepatitis B virus replication induces methylation of both host and viral DNA."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Virol (2010)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1128/JVI.02280-09"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.02280-09"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "20147412"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20147412"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 4, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Devi Thiagarajan, Rachana Roshan Dev, Sanjeev Khosla "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The DNA methyltranferase Dnmt2 participates in RNA processing during cellular stress."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Epigenetics (2011)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.4161/epi.6.1.13418"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.4161/epi.6.1.13418"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "20864816"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20864816"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 5, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Rachana Roshan Dev, Rakesh Ganji, Satya Prakash Singh, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cytosine methylation by DNMT2 facilitates stability and survival of HIV-1 RNA in the host cell during infection."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Biochem J (2017)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1042/BCJ20170258"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1042/BCJ20170258"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "28476776"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28476776"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 6, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Songlei Xue, Hui Xu, Zhen Sun, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Depletion of TRDMT1 affects 5-methylcytosine modification of mRNA and inhibits HEK293 cell proliferation and migration."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Biochem Biophys Res Commun (2019)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.09.098"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.09.098"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "31570165"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31570165"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 7, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Winfried Elhardt, Raghuvaran Shanmugam, Tomasz P Jurkowski, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Somatic cancer mutations in the DNMT2 tRNA methyltransferase alter its catalytic properties."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Biochimie (2015)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.biochi.2015.02.022"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biochi.2015.02.022"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "25747896"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25747896"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 8, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Zhi-Xuan Huang, Jing Li, Qing-Ping Xiong, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Position 34 of tRNA is a discriminative element for m5C38 modification by human DNMT2."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nucleic Acids Res (2021)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1093/nar/gkab1148"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkab1148"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "34871455"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34871455"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 9, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Tomasz P Jurkowski, Raghuvaran Shanmugam, Mark Helm, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mapping the tRNA binding site on the surface of human DNMT2 methyltransferase."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Biochemistry (2012)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1021/bi3002659"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1021/bi3002659"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "22591353"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22591353"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 10, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Sha Xu, Jun Xiong, Minjuan Wu, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Trdmt1 3'-untranslated region functions as a competing endogenous RNA in leukemia HL-60 cell differentiation."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Braz J Med Biol Res (2020)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1590/1414-431X20209869"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1590/1414-431X20209869"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "33331537"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33331537"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 11, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Chunli Sha, Lu Chen, Li Lin, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "TRDMT1 participates in the DNA damage repair of granulosa cells in premature ovarian failure."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Aging (Albany NY) (2021)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.18632/aging.203080"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.203080"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "34100772"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34100772"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 12, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Jagoda Adamczyk-Grochala, Dominika Bloniarz, Klaudia Zielinska, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "DNMT2/TRDMT1 gene knockout compromises doxorubicin-induced unfolded protein response and sensitizes cancer cells to ER stress-induced apoptosis."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Apoptosis (2023)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1007/s10495-022-01779-0"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10495-022-01779-0"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "36273376"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36273376"}]}]}]}
Synonyms	DMNT2, RNMT1, PUMET, MHSAIIP, DNMT2
Proteins	TRDMT_HUMAN
NCBI Gene ID	1787
API
Download Associations
Predicted Functions
Co-expressed Genes
Expression in Tissues and Cell Lines

Functional Associations

TRDMT1 has 5,536 functional associations with biological entities spanning 9 categories (molecular profile, organism, chemical, functional term, phrase or reference, disease, phenotype or trait, structural feature, cell line, cell type or tissue, gene, protein or microRNA, sequence feature) extracted from 112 datasets.

Click the + buttons to view associations for TRDMT1 from the datasets below.

If available, associations are ranked by standardized value

Harmonizome 3.0

TRDMT1 Gene

Functional Associations

Please acknowledge the Harmonizome in your publications by citing the following reference(s):

	Dataset	Summary
	Allen Brain Atlas Adult Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	tissues with high or low expression of TRDMT1 gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Adult Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Adult Mouse Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	tissues with high or low expression of TRDMT1 gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Adult Mouse Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Aging Dementia and Traumatic Brain Injury Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles	tissue samples with high or low expression of TRDMT1 gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Aging Dementia and Traumatic Brain Injury Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by Microarray	tissue samples with high or low expression of TRDMT1 gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by Microarray dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by RNA-seq	tissue samples with high or low expression of TRDMT1 gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by RNA-seq dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Prenatal Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	tissues with high or low expression of TRDMT1 gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Prenatal Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	BioGPS Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles	cell lines with high or low expression of TRDMT1 gene relative to other cell lines from the BioGPS Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	BioGPS Human Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	cell types and tissues with high or low expression of TRDMT1 gene relative to other cell types and tissues from the BioGPS Human Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	BioGPS Mouse Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	cell types and tissues with high or low expression of TRDMT1 gene relative to other cell types and tissues from the BioGPS Mouse Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Carcinogenome Chemical Perturbation Carcinogenicity Signatures	small molecule perturbations changing expression of TRDMT1 gene from the Carcinogenome Chemical Perturbation Carcinogenicity Signatures dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles	cell lines with high or low copy number of TRDMT1 gene relative to other cell lines from the CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles	cell lines with high or low expression of TRDMT1 gene relative to other cell lines from the CCLE Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	CellMarker Gene-Cell Type Associations	cell types associated with TRDMT1 gene from the CellMarker Gene-Cell Type Associations dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles	transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of TRDMT1 gene from the CHEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Targets	transcription factors binding the promoter of TRDMT1 gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022	transcription factors binding the promoter of TRDMT1 gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022 dataset.
	CMAP Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules	small molecule perturbations changing expression of TRDMT1 gene from the CMAP Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores	cellular components containing TRDMT1 protein from the COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025	cellular components containing TRDMT1 protein from the COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Experimental Protein Localization Evidence Scores	cellular components containing TRDMT1 protein in low- or high-throughput protein localization assays from the COMPARTMENTS Experimental Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Experimental Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025	cellular components containing TRDMT1 protein in low- or high-throughput protein localization assays from the COMPARTMENTS Experimental Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores	cellular components co-occuring with TRDMT1 protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025	cellular components co-occuring with TRDMT1 protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	COSMIC Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles	cell lines with high or low copy number of TRDMT1 gene relative to other cell lines from the COSMIC Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset.
	COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles	cell lines with TRDMT1 gene mutations from the COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles dataset.
	CTD Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with TRDMT1 gene/protein from the curated CTD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
	dbGAP Gene-Trait Associations	traits associated with TRDMT1 gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the dbGAP Gene-Trait Associations dataset.
	DeepCoverMOA Drug Mechanisms of Action	small molecule perturbations with high or low expression of TRDMT1 protein relative to other small molecule perturbations from the DeepCoverMOA Drug Mechanisms of Action dataset.
	DepMap CRISPR Gene Dependency	cell lines with fitness changed by TRDMT1 gene knockdown relative to other cell lines from the DepMap CRISPR Gene Dependency dataset.
	DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores	diseases co-occuring with TRDMT1 gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores dataset.
	DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025	diseases co-occuring with TRDMT1 gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with TRDMT1 gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
	DisGeNET Gene-Phenotype Associations	phenotypes associated with TRDMT1 gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Phenoptype Associations dataset.
	DrugBank Drug Targets	interacting drugs for TRDMT1 protein from the curated DrugBank Drug Targets dataset.
	ENCODE Histone Modification Site Profiles	histone modification site profiles with high histone modification abundance at TRDMT1 gene from the ENCODE Histone Modification Site Profiles dataset.
	ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles	transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of TRDMT1 gene from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset.
	ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets	transcription factors binding the promoter of TRDMT1 gene in ChIP-seq datasets from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets dataset.
	ESCAPE Omics Signatures of Genes and Proteins for Stem Cells	PubMedIDs of publications reporting gene signatures containing TRDMT1 from the ESCAPE Omics Signatures of Genes and Proteins for Stem Cells dataset.
	GAD Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with TRDMT1 gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the GAD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
	GDSC Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles	cell lines with high or low expression of TRDMT1 gene relative to other cell lines from the GDSC Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.