{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nTRPC4 is a Ca²⁺‐permeable, non‐selective cation channel whose activity is critically governed by its structural domains and interacting proteins. The channel’s C‐terminal PDZ–interacting domain is essential for its proper plasma membrane targeting, as deletion of this region results in abnormal intracellular retention and punctate distribution instead of uniform surface expression. In addition, post‐translational modifications—such as tyrosine phosphorylation induced by epidermal growth factor receptor stimulation—promote exocytotic insertion of TRPC4 and facilitate its association with regulatory factors (e.g., Na⁺/H⁺ exchanger regulatory factor), while specific mutations in the S4–S5 linker can force the channel into a constitutively active conformation. These findings underscore that interactions with scaffold proteins (such as EBP50 and ZO‐1) and cytoskeletal elements (e.g., spectrin) are fundamental for the channel’s trafficking and gating."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "5"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nFunctionally, TRPC4 plays a central role in receptor‐stimulated and store‐operated Ca²⁺ entry that underpins diverse cellular responses. Knockdown studies in HEK293 cells demonstrate that reduction of endogenous TRPC4 expression markedly diminishes agonist‐induced Ca²⁺ influx. In epithelial cells—such as corneal and gingival keratinocytes—TRPC4-dependent Ca²⁺ entry is required for sustaining long‐term Ca²⁺ oscillations and optimal mitogenic responses. In vascular endothelial and mesangial cells, TRPC4 often partners with TRPC1 and other subunits, forming heteromeric complexes whose activation is dynamically regulated via interactions with STIM1, components of the membrane–cytoskeletal network (e.g., protein 4.1), and directly by Gαᵢ subunits. Moreover, lipid–binding proteins (for example, SESTD1) and RNA regulatory factors (such as Tarbp2) associate with TRPC4, thereby linking channel activity to phosphoinositide dynamics and downstream microRNA processing. Collectively, these multi‐protein interactions—as well as the channel’s inherent sensitivity to PI(4,5)P₂ depletion—integrate TRPC4 into a complex Ca²⁺ signaling network."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "6", "end_ref": "17"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nTRPC4‐mediated Ca²⁺ entry has profound physiological and pathophysiological implications. In smooth muscle and developing neurons, TRPC4 activity contributes to processes such as myotube formation, neurite extension, and regulation of contractility; its expression is also critical for proper differentiation in keratinocytes, with altered levels correlating with aberrant phenotypes in certain skin cancers. In some tumors—for example, in renal cell carcinoma—loss of TRPC4 expression impairs Ca²⁺ uptake and leads to misprocessing of antiangiogenic factors, thereby facilitating angiogenic switch. In the nervous system, dysregulation of TRPC4 (including its upregulation by agents such as Zika virus via CaMKII‐dependent pathways) is implicated in enhanced excitability and seizure development. Finally, the discovery of potent, selective small-molecule inhibitors targeting TRPC1/4/5 channels (e.g., Pico145) underscores the therapeutic potential of modulating TRPC4 activity in conditions ranging from endothelial dysfunction to viral encephalopathy. Additional studies in esophageal smooth muscle and platelets further expand its recognized roles in pH-sensitive Ca²⁺ entry and tissue-specific signaling"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "18", "end_ref": "25"}]}]}]}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Laurence Mery, Bettina Strauss, Jean F Dufour, et al. 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