HGNC Family | Endogenous ligands |
Name | thyroid stimulating hormone, beta |
Description | The four human glycoprotein hormones chorionic gonadotropin (CG), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) are dimers consisting of alpha and beta subunits that are associated noncovalently. The alpha subunits of these hormones are identical, however, their beta chains are unique and confer biological specificity. Thyroid stimulating hormone functions in the control of thyroid structure and metabolism. The protein encoded by this gene is the beta subunit of thyroid stimulating hormone. Mutations in this gene are associated with congenital central and secondary hypothyroidism and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, May 2013] |
Summary |
{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nThyroid stimulating hormone β (TSHB) encodes the unique β‐subunit of thyroid stimulating hormone, which dimerizes with a common α‐subunit to generate a hormone essential for pituitary regulation of thyroid function. In its canonical role, TSH (via TSHB) binds to the TSH receptor on thyroid follicular cells to stimulate thyroid hormone synthesis, thereby maintaining metabolic homeostasis, growth, and development. Transcriptional regulation by pituitary‐restricted factors (such as Pit‐1 and cooperating nuclear receptors) ensures proper TSHB expression, and mutations or splice defects in TSHB are directly linked to congenital central hypothyroidism with consequent disruptions in thyroid hormone output, altered thyrocyte proliferation, and even adverse pregnancy outcomes and longevity shifts."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "14"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nEmerging evidence extends the role of TSHB beyond traditional endocrine regulation. Alternative splice variants and peripheral expression of TSHB have been detected in immune cells, thyroid tissue, and even in adipose and bone‐marrow compartments—suggesting paracrine and autocrine actions that modulate local immune responses, osteoblastogenesis, cholesterol metabolism, and potentially even reproductive biology. In parallel, common genetic variants and epistatic interactions in the TSHB gene associate with risks for premature ovarian failure and, in some contexts, altered oncogenic potential in thyroid and breast tissues. Functional dissection of specific TSHB mutations has revealed that while some variants diminish cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling, alternate pathways such as mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) remain active—a bias that may underlie the diverse clinical manifestations of TSHB defects. Structural modeling further demonstrates that both the native and splice variant TSHB proteins effectively interact with the TSH receptor, solidifying their physiological relevance in health and disease."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "15", "end_ref": "28"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Harald Brumm, Arne Pfeufer, Heike Biebermann, et al. 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"}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "GWAS of thyroid stimulating hormone highlights pleiotropic effects and inverse association with thyroid cancer."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nat Commun (2020)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/s41467-020-17718-z"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17718-z"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "32769997"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32769997"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 28, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mihaly Mezei, Ramkumarie Baliram, M Rejwan Ali, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The Human TSHβ Subunit Proteins and Their Binding Sites on the TSH Receptor Using Molecular Dynamics Simulation."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Endocrinology (2020)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1210/endocr/bqaa125"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1210/endocr/bqaa125"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "32738139"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32738139"}]}]}]}
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Synonyms | TSH-B, TSH-BETA |
Proteins | TSHB_HUMAN |
NCBI Gene ID | 7252 |
API | |
Download Associations | |
Predicted Functions |
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Co-expressed Genes |
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Expression in Tissues and Cell Lines |
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TSHB has 2,972 functional associations with biological entities spanning 8 categories (molecular profile, organism, disease, phenotype or trait, chemical, functional term, phrase or reference, structural feature, cell line, cell type or tissue, gene, protein or microRNA) extracted from 85 datasets.
Click the + buttons to view associations for TSHB from the datasets below.
If available, associations are ranked by standardized value
Dataset | Summary | |
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Allen Brain Atlas Adult Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles | tissues with high or low expression of TSHB gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Adult Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
Allen Brain Atlas Adult Mouse Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles | tissues with high or low expression of TSHB gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Adult Mouse Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by Microarray | tissue samples with high or low expression of TSHB gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by Microarray dataset. | |
Allen Brain Atlas Prenatal Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles | tissues with high or low expression of TSHB gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Prenatal Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
BioGPS Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles | cell lines with high or low expression of TSHB gene relative to other cell lines from the BioGPS Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
BioGPS Human Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles | cell types and tissues with high or low expression of TSHB gene relative to other cell types and tissues from the BioGPS Human Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
BioGPS Mouse Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles | cell types and tissues with high or low expression of TSHB gene relative to other cell types and tissues from the BioGPS Mouse Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles | cell lines with high or low copy number of TSHB gene relative to other cell lines from the CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset. | |
CCLE Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles | cell lines with high or low expression of TSHB gene relative to other cell lines from the CCLE Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
ChEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles | transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of TSHB gene from the CHEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset. | |
ChEA Transcription Factor Targets | transcription factors binding the promoter of TSHB gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets dataset. | |
ChEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022 | transcription factors binding the promoter of TSHB gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022 dataset. | |
ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations | phenotypes associated with TSHB gene from the curated ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations dataset. | |
CMAP Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules | small molecule perturbations changing expression of TSHB gene from the CMAP Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules dataset. | |
COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores | cellular components containing TSHB protein from the COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset. | |
COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores | cellular components co-occuring with TSHB protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset. | |
COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 | cellular components co-occuring with TSHB protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 dataset. | |
COSMIC Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles | cell lines with high or low copy number of TSHB gene relative to other cell lines from the COSMIC Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset. | |
COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles | cell lines with TSHB gene mutations from the COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles dataset. | |
CTD Gene-Chemical Interactions | chemicals interacting with TSHB gene/protein from the curated CTD Gene-Chemical Interactions dataset. | |
CTD Gene-Disease Associations | diseases associated with TSHB gene/protein from the curated CTD Gene-Disease Associations dataset. | |
DepMap CRISPR Gene Dependency | cell lines with fitness changed by TSHB gene knockdown relative to other cell lines from the DepMap CRISPR Gene Dependency dataset. | |
DISEASES Curated Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores | diseases involving TSHB gene from the DISEASES Curated Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores dataset. | |
DISEASES Curated Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025 | diseases involving TSHB gene from the DISEASES Curated Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025 dataset. | |
DISEASES Experimental Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025 | diseases associated with TSHB gene in GWAS datasets from the DISEASES Experimental Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores 2025 dataset. | |
DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores | diseases co-occuring with TSHB gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores dataset. | |
DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025 | diseases co-occuring with TSHB gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores 2025 dataset. | |
DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations | diseases associated with TSHB gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations dataset. | |
DisGeNET Gene-Phenotype Associations | phenotypes associated with TSHB gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Phenoptype Associations dataset. | |
ENCODE Histone Modification Site Profiles | histone modification site profiles with high histone modification abundance at TSHB gene from the ENCODE Histone Modification Site Profiles dataset. | |
ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles | transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of TSHB gene from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset. | |
ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets | transcription factors binding the promoter of TSHB gene in ChIP-seq datasets from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets dataset. | |
ESCAPE Omics Signatures of Genes and Proteins for Stem Cells | PubMedIDs of publications reporting gene signatures containing TSHB from the ESCAPE Omics Signatures of Genes and Proteins for Stem Cells dataset. | |
GAD Gene-Disease Associations | diseases associated with TSHB gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the GAD Gene-Disease Associations dataset. | |
GAD High Level Gene-Disease Associations | diseases associated with TSHB gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the GAD High Level Gene-Disease Associations dataset. | |
GDSC Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles | cell lines with high or low expression of TSHB gene relative to other cell lines from the GDSC Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
GeneRIF Biological Term Annotations | biological terms co-occuring with TSHB gene in literature-supported statements describing functions of genes from the GeneRIF Biological Term Annotations dataset. | |
GeneSigDB Published Gene Signatures | PubMedIDs of publications reporting gene signatures containing TSHB from the GeneSigDB Published Gene Signatures dataset. | |
GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Diseases | disease perturbations changing expression of TSHB gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Diseases dataset. | |
GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Gene Perturbations | gene perturbations changing expression of TSHB gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Gene Perturbations dataset. | |
GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Kinase Perturbations | kinase perturbations changing expression of TSHB gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Kinase Perturbations dataset. | |
GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules | small molecule perturbations changing expression of TSHB gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules dataset. | |
GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Transcription Factor Perturbations | transcription factor perturbations changing expression of TSHB gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Transcription Factor Perturbations dataset. | |
GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Viral Infections | virus perturbations changing expression of TSHB gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Viral Infections dataset. | |
GlyGen Glycosylated Proteins | ligands (chemical) binding TSHB protein from the GlyGen Glycosylated Proteins dataset. | |
GO Biological Process Annotations 2015 | biological processes involving TSHB gene from the curated GO Biological Process Annotations 2015 dataset. | |
GO Cellular Component Annotations 2015 | cellular components containing TSHB protein from the curated GO Cellular Component Annotations 2015 dataset. | |
GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 | molecular functions performed by TSHB gene from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset. | |
GTEx Tissue Gene Expression Profiles | tissues with high or low expression of TSHB gene relative to other tissues from the GTEx Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
GTEx Tissue Gene Expression Profiles 2023 | tissues with high or low expression of TSHB gene relative to other tissues from the GTEx Tissue Gene Expression Profiles 2023 dataset. | |
GWASdb SNP-Disease Associations | diseases associated with TSHB gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the GWASdb SNP-Disease Associations dataset. | |
GWASdb SNP-Phenotype Associations | phenotypes associated with TSHB gene in GWAS datasets from the GWASdb SNP-Phenotype Associations dataset. | |
Heiser et al., PNAS, 2011 Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles | cell lines with high or low expression of TSHB gene relative to other cell lines from the Heiser et al., PNAS, 2011 Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
HPO Gene-Disease Associations | phenotypes associated with TSHB gene by mapping known disease genes to disease phenotypes from the HPO Gene-Disease Associations dataset. | |
HuGE Navigator Gene-Phenotype Associations | phenotypes associated with TSHB gene by text-mining GWAS publications from the HuGE Navigator Gene-Phenotype Associations dataset. | |
InterPro Predicted Protein Domain Annotations | protein domains predicted for TSHB protein from the InterPro Predicted Protein Domain Annotations dataset. | |
JASPAR Predicted Transcription Factor Targets | transcription factors regulating expression of TSHB gene predicted using known transcription factor binding site motifs from the JASPAR Predicted Transcription Factor Targets dataset. | |
KEGG Pathways | pathways involving TSHB protein from the KEGG Pathways dataset. | |
Klijn et al., Nat. Biotechnol., 2015 Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles | cell lines with high or low copy number of TSHB gene relative to other cell lines from the Klijn et al., Nat. Biotechnol., 2015 Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset. | |
KnockTF Gene Expression Profiles with Transcription Factor Perturbations | transcription factor perturbations changing expression of TSHB gene from the KnockTF Gene Expression Profiles with Transcription Factor Perturbations dataset. | |
LINCS L1000 CMAP Chemical Perturbation Consensus Signatures | small molecule perturbations changing expression of TSHB gene from the LINCS L1000 CMAP Chemical Perturbations Consensus Signatures dataset. | |
LOCATE Curated Protein Localization Annotations | cellular components containing TSHB protein in low- or high-throughput protein localization assays from the LOCATE Curated Protein Localization Annotations dataset. | |
LOCATE Predicted Protein Localization Annotations | cellular components predicted to contain TSHB protein from the LOCATE Predicted Protein Localization Annotations dataset. | |
MGI Mouse Phenotype Associations 2023 | phenotypes of transgenic mice caused by TSHB gene mutations from the MGI Mouse Phenotype Associations 2023 dataset. | |
MiRTarBase microRNA Targets | microRNAs targeting TSHB gene in low- or high-throughput microRNA targeting studies from the MiRTarBase microRNA Targets dataset. | |
MotifMap Predicted Transcription Factor Targets | transcription factors regulating expression of TSHB gene predicted using known transcription factor binding site motifs from the MotifMap Predicted Transcription Factor Targets dataset. | |
MSigDB Cancer Gene Co-expression Modules | co-expressed genes for TSHB from the MSigDB Cancer Gene Co-expression Modules dataset. | |
MSigDB Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Cancer Gene Perturbations | gene perturbations changing expression of TSHB gene from the MSigDB Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Cancer Gene Perturbations dataset. | |
OMIM Gene-Disease Associations | phenotypes associated with TSHB gene from the curated OMIM Gene-Disease Associations dataset. | |
PANTHER Pathways | pathways involving TSHB protein from the PANTHER Pathways dataset. | |
Pathway Commons Protein-Protein Interactions | interacting proteins for TSHB from the Pathway Commons Protein-Protein Interactions dataset. | |
PerturbAtlas Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Mouse Gene Perturbations | gene perturbations changing expression of TSHB gene from the PerturbAtlas Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Gene Perturbations dataset. | |
PFOCR Pathway Figure Associations 2023 | pathways involving TSHB protein from the PFOCR Pathway Figure Associations 2023 dataset. | |
PFOCR Pathway Figure Associations 2024 | pathways involving TSHB protein from the Wikipathways PFOCR 2024 dataset. | |
Reactome Pathways 2014 | pathways involving TSHB protein from the Reactome Pathways dataset. | |
Reactome Pathways 2024 | pathways involving TSHB protein from the Reactome Pathways 2024 dataset. | |
Roadmap Epigenomics Histone Modification Site Profiles | histone modification site profiles with high histone modification abundance at TSHB gene from the Roadmap Epigenomics Histone Modification Site Profiles dataset. | |
RummaGEO Drug Perturbation Signatures | drug perturbations changing expression of TSHB gene from the RummaGEO Drug Perturbation Signatures dataset. | |
RummaGEO Gene Perturbation Signatures | gene perturbations changing expression of TSHB gene from the RummaGEO Gene Perturbation Signatures dataset. | |
TargetScan Predicted Nonconserved microRNA Targets | microRNAs regulating expression of TSHB gene predicted using nonconserved miRNA seed sequences from the TargetScan Predicted Nonconserved microRNA Targets dataset. | |
TCGA Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Tumors | tissue samples with high or low expression of TSHB gene relative to other tissue samples from the TCGA Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Tumors dataset. | |
TISSUES Text-mining Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores | tissues co-occuring with TSHB protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the TISSUES Text-mining Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores dataset. | |
TISSUES Text-mining Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores 2025 | tissues co-occuring with TSHB protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the TISSUES Text-mining Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores 2025 dataset. | |
WikiPathways Pathways 2014 | pathways involving TSHB protein from the Wikipathways Pathways 2014 dataset. | |
WikiPathways Pathways 2024 | pathways involving TSHB protein from the WikiPathways Pathways 2024 dataset. | |