TUBB3 Gene

HGNC Family	Tubulins (TUB)
Name	tubulin, beta 3 class III
Description	This gene encodes a class III member of the beta tubulin protein family. Beta tubulins are one of two core protein families (alpha and beta tubulins) that heterodimerize and assemble to form microtubules. This protein is primarily expressed in neurons and may be involved in neurogenesis and axon guidance and maintenance. Mutations in this gene are the cause of congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles type 3. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants. A pseudogene of this gene is found on chromosome 6. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2010]
Summary	{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nTUBB3, the neuron‐specific beta‐tubulin isotype, is critical for normal nervous system development and function. Missense mutations in TUBB3 have been implicated in a spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by ocular motility deficits, defects in axon guidance, and malformations of cortical development. In patients with TUBB3 mutations—such as the E410K substitution—microtubule dynamics are impaired, leading to abnormalities in neuronal migration and connectivity that underpin congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles and related neuropathies. Furthermore, TUBB3 expression is detected even in midgestational glial cells, emphasizing its broader role during brain development."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "7"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn diverse malignancies, aberrant overexpression of TUBB3 is a key mediator of resistance to microtubule‐targeting chemotherapeutic agents such as paclitaxel, docetaxel, and cabazitaxel. Elevated TUBB3 levels are associated with decreased microtubule stability, altered dynamic instability, and impaired interactions with kinesin motors and other microtubule-associated proteins. Clinical studies in ovarian, non-small cell lung, prostate, gastric, and pancreatic cancers have consistently demonstrated that high TUBB3 expression correlates with poor drug response and reduced survival. In addition, its expression is modulated by hypoxia‐inducible factors, epigenetic regulators (e.g., HuR and histone deacetylation), and transcription factors such as Sox9, underscoring its value as both a predictive biomarker and a potential therapeutic target in overcoming chemoresistance."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "8", "end_ref": "29"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nBeyond its established role in neuronal development and chemoresistance, TUBB3 influences tumor progression by modulating microtubule dynamics that affect cell migration, invasion, and metastasis. Elevated TUBB3 contributes to epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in cancers such as colorectal and breast carcinoma and is associated with alterations in intracellular signaling pathways—including the PTEN/AKT axis—that promote malignant behavior. Structural and biochemical analyses of isotypically pure TUBB3 reveal its distinct polymerization kinetics and catastrophe frequencies as well as the impact of post-translational modifications on its function. These multifaceted roles position TUBB3 as a central regulator of both cellular architecture and dynamic responses to stress, with implications ranging from developmental neuropathies to aggressive, treatment-resistant cancers."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "30", "end_ref": "41"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Max A Tischfield, Hagit N Baris, Chen Wu, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Human TUBB3 mutations perturb microtubule dynamics, kinesin interactions, and axon guidance."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cell (2010)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.cell.2009.12.011"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2009.12.011"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "20074521"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20074521"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Karine Poirier, Yoann Saillour, Nadia Bahi-Buisson, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mutations in the neuronal ß-tubulin subunit TUBB3 result in malformation of cortical development and neuronal migration defects."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Hum Mol Genet (2010)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1093/hmg/ddq377"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddq377"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "20829227"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20829227"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Sheena Chew, Ravikumar Balasubramanian, Wai-Man Chan, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "A novel syndrome caused by the E410K amino acid substitution in the neuronal β-tubulin isotype 3."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Brain (2013)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1093/brain/aws345"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/aws345"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "23378218"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23378218"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 4, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mary C Whitman, Caroline Andrews, Wai-Man Chan, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Two unique TUBB3 mutations cause both CFEOM3 and malformations of cortical development."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Am J Med Genet A (2016)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1002/ajmg.a.37362"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.a.37362"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "26639658"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26639658"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 5, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Joseph L Demer, Robert A Clark, Max A Tischfield, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Evidence of an asymmetrical endophenotype in congenital fibrosis of extraocular muscles type 3 resulting from TUBB3 mutations."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci (2010)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1167/iovs.10-5438"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.10-5438"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "20393110"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20393110"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 6, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Sarah MacKinnon, Darren T Oystreck, Caroline Andrews, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Diagnostic distinctions and genetic analysis of patients diagnosed with moebius syndrome."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Ophthalmology (2014)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.ophtha.2014.01.006"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2014.01.006"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "24612975"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24612975"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 7, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Eduarda Dráberová, Luis Del Valle, Jennifer Gordon, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Class III beta-tubulin is constitutively coexpressed with glial fibrillary acidic protein and nestin in midgestational human fetal astrocytes: implications for phenotypic identity."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Neuropathol Exp Neurol (2008)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1097/NEN.0b013e31816a686d"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1097/NEN.0b013e31816a686d"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "18379434"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18379434"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 8, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Simona Mozzetti, Cristiano Ferlini, Paola Concolino, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Class III beta-tubulin overexpression is a prominent mechanism of paclitaxel resistance in ovarian cancer patients."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Clin Cancer Res (2005)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "15671559"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15671559"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 9, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Gabriella Ferrandina, Gian Franco Zannoni, Enrica Martinelli, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Class III beta-tubulin overexpression is a marker of poor clinical outcome in advanced ovarian cancer patients."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Clin Cancer Res (2006)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-05-2715"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-05-2715"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "16675570"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16675570"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 10, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Malathi Hari, Hailing Yang, Changqing Zeng, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Expression of class III beta-tubulin reduces microtubule assembly and confers resistance to paclitaxel."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cell Motil Cytoskeleton (2003)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1002/cm.10132"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/cm.10132"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12905530"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12905530"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 11, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Pascal Sève, Raymond Lai, Keyue Ding, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Class III beta-tubulin expression and benefit from adjuvant cisplatin/vinorelbine chemotherapy in operable non-small cell lung cancer: analysis of NCIC JBR.10."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Clin Cancer Res (2007)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-06-1503"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-06-1503"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "17289895"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17289895"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 12, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Rafael Rosell, Giorgio Scagliotti, Kathleen D Danenberg, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Transcripts in pretreatment biopsies from a three-arm randomized trial in metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Oncogene (2003)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/sj.onc.1206419"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1206419"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12789263"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12789263"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 13, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Giuseppina Raspaglio, Flavia Filippetti, Silvia Prislei, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Hypoxia induces class III beta-tubulin gene expression by HIF-1alpha binding to its 3' flanking region."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Gene (2008)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.gene.2007.11.015"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2007.11.015"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "18178340"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18178340"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 14, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Guillaume Ploussard, Stéphane Terry, Pascale Maillé, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Class III beta-tubulin expression predicts prostate tumor aggressiveness and patient response to docetaxel-based chemotherapy."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cancer Res (2010)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-10-1447"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-10-1447"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "21045157"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21045157"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 15, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Joshua A McCarroll, Pei Pei Gan, Rafael B Erlich, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "TUBB3/βIII-tubulin acts through the PTEN/AKT signaling axis to promote tumorigenesis and anoikis resistance in non-small cell lung cancer."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cancer Res (2015)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-14-2740"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-14-2740"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "25414139"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25414139"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 16, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Marta De Donato, Marisa Mariani, Lella Petrella, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Class III β-tubulin and the cytoskeletal gateway for drug resistance in ovarian cancer."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Cell Physiol (2012)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1002/jcp.22813"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.22813"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "21520077"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21520077"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 17, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Pascal Sève, Tony Reiman, Charles Dumontet "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The role of betaIII tubulin in predicting chemoresistance in non-small cell lung cancer."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Lung Cancer (2010)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.lungcan.2009.09.007"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lungcan.2009.09.007"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "19828208"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19828208"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 18, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "George E Duran, Yan C Wang, E Brian Francisco, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mechanisms of resistance to cabazitaxel."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mol Cancer Ther (2015)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-14-0155"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-14-0155"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "25416788"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25416788"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 19, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "K M Lee, D Cao, A Itami, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Class III beta-tubulin, a marker of resistance to paclitaxel, is overexpressed in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and intraepithelial neoplasia."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Histopathology (2007)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1111/j.1365-2559.2007.02792.x"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2559.2007.02792.x"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "17714470"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17714470"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 20, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Giuseppina Raspaglio, Marco Petrillo, Enrica Martinelli, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Sox9 and Hif-2α regulate TUBB3 gene expression and affect ovarian cancer aggressiveness."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Gene (2014)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.gene.2014.03.037"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2014.03.037"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "24661907"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24661907"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 21, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Giuseppina Raspaglio, Ilaria De Maria, Flavia Filippetti, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "HuR regulates beta-tubulin isotype expression in ovarian cancer."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cancer Res (2010)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-4656"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-4656"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "20587520"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20587520"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 22, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Naoko Izutsu, Chihaya Maesawa, Masahiko Shibazaki, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Epigenetic modification is involved in aberrant expression of class III beta-tubulin, TUBB3, in ovarian cancer cells."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Int J Oncol (2008)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.3892/ijo_32_6_1227"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo_32_6_1227"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "18497984"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18497984"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 23, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Jun-Eul Hwang, Ji-Yun Hong, Karham Kim, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Class III β-tubulin is a predictive marker for taxane-based chemotherapy in recurrent and metastatic gastric cancer."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "BMC Cancer (2013)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1186/1471-2407-13-431"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2407-13-431"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "24053422"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24053422"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 24, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Dana M Roque, Stefania Bellone, Diana P English, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Tubulin-β-III overexpression by uterine serous carcinomas is a marker for poor overall survival after platinum/taxane chemotherapy and sensitivity to epothilones."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cancer (2013)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1002/cncr.28017"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.28017"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "23585021"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23585021"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 25, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Youngil Koh, Bogun Jang, Sae-Won Han, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Expression of class III beta-tubulin correlates with unfavorable survival outcome in patients with resected non-small cell lung cancer."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Thorac Oncol (2010)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1097/JTO.0b013e3181ce684f"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1097/JTO.0b013e3181ce684f"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "20087230"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20087230"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 26, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Kiyomi Akasaka, Chihaya Maesawa, Masahiko Shibazaki, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Loss of class III beta-tubulin induced by histone deacetylation is associated with chemosensitivity to paclitaxel in malignant melanoma cells."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Invest Dermatol (2009)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/jid.2008.406"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/jid.2008.406"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "19122647"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19122647"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 27, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Thea Eline Hetland, Ellen Hellesylt, Vivi Ann Flørenes, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Class III β-tubulin expression in advanced-stage serous ovarian carcinoma effusions is associated with poor survival and primary chemoresistance."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Hum Pathol (2011)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.humpath.2010.10.025"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humpath.2010.10.025"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "21315408"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21315408"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 28, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Saskia Ting, Fabian D Mairinger, Thomas Hager, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "ERCC1, MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and βIII-tubulin: resistance proteins associated with response and outcome to platinum-based chemotherapy in malignant pleural mesothelioma."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Clin Lung Cancer (2013)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.cllc.2013.04.013"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cllc.2013.04.013"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "23810210"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23810210"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 29, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Wei-e Zheng, Hua Chen, Shao-fei Yuan, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Overexpression of βIII-tubulin and survivin associated with drug resistance to docetaxel-based chemotherapy in advanced gastric cancer."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J BUON (2012)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "22740207"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22740207"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 30, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Zhen-Xing Liang, Hua-Shan Liu, Feng-Wei Wang, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "LncRNA RPPH1 promotes colorectal cancer metastasis by interacting with TUBB3 and by promoting exosomes-mediated macrophage M2 polarization."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cell Death Dis (2019)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/s41419-019-2077-0"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41419-019-2077-0"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "31685807"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31685807"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 31, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Annapurna Vemu, Joseph Atherton, Jeffrey O Spector, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Structure and Dynamics of Single-isoform Recombinant Neuronal Human Tubulin."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Biol Chem (2016)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1074/jbc.C116.731133"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.C116.731133"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "27129203"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27129203"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 32, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Ruifang Sun, Zhigang Liu, Lumin Wang, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Overexpression of stathmin is resistant to paclitaxel treatment in patients with non-small cell lung cancer."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Tumour Biol (2015)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1007/s13277-015-3361-y"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s13277-015-3361-y"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "25894372"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25894372"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 33, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Deepak Kanojia, Ramin A Morshed, Lingjiao Zhang, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "βIII-Tubulin Regulates Breast Cancer Metastases to the Brain."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mol Cancer Ther (2015)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-14-0950"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-14-0950"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "25724666"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25724666"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 34, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Katarzyna Sobierajska, Katarzyna Wieczorek, Wojciech M Ciszewski, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "β-III tubulin modulates the behavior of Snail overexpressed during the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in colon cancer cells."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Biochim Biophys Acta (2016)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.05.008"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.05.008"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "27188792"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27188792"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 35, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "A Portyanko, P Kovalev, J Gorgun, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "beta(III)-tubulin at the invasive margin of colorectal cancer: possible link to invasion."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Virchows Arch (2009)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1007/s00428-009-0764-4"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00428-009-0764-4"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "19360438"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19360438"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 36, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Marta E Wawro, Katarzyna Sobierajska, Wojciech M Ciszewski, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Tubulin beta 3 and 4 are involved in the generation of early fibrotic stages."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cell Signal (2017)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.06.014"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.06.014"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "28648944"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28648944"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 37, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Karim Bordji, Alexandra Grandval, Leilane Cuhna-Alves, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Hypoxia-inducible factor-2α (HIF-2α), but not HIF-1α, is essential for hypoxic induction of class III β-tubulin expression in human glioblastoma cells."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "FEBS J (2014)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1111/febs.13062"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/febs.13062"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "25244496"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25244496"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 38, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Fermín Person, Waldemar Wilczak, Claudia Hube-Magg, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Prevalence of βIII-tubulin (TUBB3) expression in human normal tissues and cancers."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Tumour Biol (2017)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1177/1010428317712166"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1177/1010428317712166"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "29022485"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29022485"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 39, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Christos D Katsetos, Eduarda Dráberová, Barbora Smejkalová, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Class III beta-tubulin and gamma-tubulin are co-expressed and form complexes in human glioblastoma cells."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Neurochem Res (2007)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1007/s11064-007-9321-1"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11064-007-9321-1"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "17406983"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17406983"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 40, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Patrick A Joe, Asok Banerjee, Richard F Ludueña "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The roles of cys124 and ser239 in the functional properties of human betaIII tubulin."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cell Motil Cytoskeleton (2008)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1002/cm.20274"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/cm.20274"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "18435451"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18435451"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 41, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "F Sgrò, F T Bianchi, M Falcone, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Tissue-specific control of midbody microtubule stability by Citron kinase through modulation of TUBB3 phosphorylation."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cell Death Differ (2016)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/cdd.2015.142"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/cdd.2015.142"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "26586574"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26586574"}]}]}]}
Synonyms	CFEOM3, CFEOM3A, CDCBM, TUBB4, beta-4, CDCBM1, FEOM3
Proteins	TBB3_HUMAN
NCBI Gene ID	10381
API
Download Associations
Predicted Functions
Co-expressed Genes
Expression in Tissues and Cell Lines

Functional Associations

TUBB3 has 11,496 functional associations with biological entities spanning 9 categories (molecular profile, organism, disease, phenotype or trait, functional term, phrase or reference, chemical, structural feature, cell line, cell type or tissue, gene, protein or microRNA, sequence feature) extracted from 124 datasets.

Click the + buttons to view associations for TUBB3 from the datasets below.

If available, associations are ranked by standardized value

Harmonizome 3.0

TUBB3 Gene

Functional Associations

Please acknowledge the Harmonizome in your publications by citing the following reference(s):

	Dataset	Summary
	Allen Brain Atlas Adult Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	tissues with high or low expression of TUBB3 gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Adult Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Adult Mouse Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	tissues with high or low expression of TUBB3 gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Adult Mouse Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Aging Dementia and Traumatic Brain Injury Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles	tissue samples with high or low expression of TUBB3 gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Aging Dementia and Traumatic Brain Injury Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by RNA-seq	tissue samples with high or low expression of TUBB3 gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by RNA-seq dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Prenatal Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	tissues with high or low expression of TUBB3 gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Prenatal Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	BioGPS Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles	cell lines with high or low expression of TUBB3 gene relative to other cell lines from the BioGPS Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	BioGPS Human Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	cell types and tissues with high or low expression of TUBB3 gene relative to other cell types and tissues from the BioGPS Human Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	BioGPS Mouse Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	cell types and tissues with high or low expression of TUBB3 gene relative to other cell types and tissues from the BioGPS Mouse Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles	cell lines with high or low copy number of TUBB3 gene relative to other cell lines from the CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles	cell lines with high or low expression of TUBB3 gene relative to other cell lines from the CCLE Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Proteomics	Cell lines associated with TUBB3 protein from the CCLE Cell Line Proteomics dataset.
	CellMarker Gene-Cell Type Associations	cell types associated with TUBB3 gene from the CellMarker Gene-Cell Type Associations dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles	transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of TUBB3 gene from the CHEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Targets	transcription factors binding the promoter of TUBB3 gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022	transcription factors binding the promoter of TUBB3 gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022 dataset.
	ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations	phenotypes associated with TUBB3 gene from the curated ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations dataset.
	ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations 2025	phenotypes associated with TUBB3 gene from the curated ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations 2025 dataset.
	CM4AI U2OS Cell Map Protein Localization Assemblies	assemblies containing TUBB3 protein from integrated AP-MS and IF data from the CM4AI U2OS Cell Map Protein Localization Assemblies dataset.
	CMAP Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules	small molecule perturbations changing expression of TUBB3 gene from the CMAP Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025	cellular components containing TUBB3 protein from the COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025	cellular components co-occuring with TUBB3 protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	COSMIC Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles	cell lines with high or low copy number of TUBB3 gene relative to other cell lines from the COSMIC Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset.
	COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles	cell lines with TUBB3 gene mutations from the COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles dataset.
	CTD Gene-Chemical Interactions	chemicals interacting with TUBB3 gene/protein from the curated CTD Gene-Chemical Interactions dataset.
	CTD Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with TUBB3 gene/protein from the curated CTD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
	DeepCoverMOA Drug Mechanisms of Action	small molecule perturbations with high or low expression of TUBB3 protein relative to other small molecule perturbations from the DeepCoverMOA Drug Mechanisms of Action dataset.
	DepMap CRISPR Gene Dependency	cell lines with fitness changed by TUBB3 gene knockdown relative to other cell lines from the DepMap CRISPR Gene Dependency dataset.
	DISEASES Curated Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025	diseases involving TUBB3 gene from the DISEASES Curated Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	DISEASES Experimental Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025	diseases associated with TUBB3 gene in GWAS datasets from the DISEASES Experimental Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025	diseases co-occuring with TUBB3 gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with TUBB3 gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
	DisGeNET Gene-Phenotype Associations	phenotypes associated with TUBB3 gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Phenoptype Associations dataset.
	DrugBank Drug Targets	interacting drugs for TUBB3 protein from the curated DrugBank Drug Targets dataset.
	ENCODE Histone Modification Site Profiles	histone modification site profiles with high histone modification abundance at TUBB3 gene from the ENCODE Histone Modification Site Profiles dataset.
	ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles	transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of TUBB3 gene from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset.
	ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets	transcription factors binding the promoter of TUBB3 gene in ChIP-seq datasets from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets dataset.
	ESCAPE Omics Signatures of Genes and Proteins for Stem Cells	PubMedIDs of publications reporting gene signatures containing TUBB3 from the ESCAPE Omics Signatures of Genes and Proteins for Stem Cells dataset.
	GDSC Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles	cell lines with high or low expression of TUBB3 gene relative to other cell lines from the GDSC Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	GeneRIF Biological Term Annotations	biological terms co-occuring with TUBB3 gene in literature-supported statements describing functions of genes from the GeneRIF Biological Term Annotations dataset.
	GeneSigDB Published Gene Signatures	PubMedIDs of publications reporting gene signatures containing TUBB3 from the GeneSigDB Published Gene Signatures dataset.