{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nTUG1 is a long non‐coding RNA that plays multifaceted roles in the regulation of gene expression at the nuclear level. In some contexts, it participates in the spatial organization of growth‐control genes by interacting with chromatin regulatory proteins and subnuclear bodies. For instance, methylated proteins such as Pc2 bind TUG1 in Polycomb bodies to mediate epigenetic modifications and coordinate transcriptional programs, while p53‐induced TUG1 recruits PRC2 to repress targets such as HOX genes. In these studies, TUG1’s function is placed against the broader backdrop of the emerging, yet still poorly defined, functions of many ncRNAs in eukaryotic nuclei."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "6"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn addition to its nuclear functions, TUG1 serves as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) in the cytoplasm by directly binding and “sponging” various microRNAs. Through these interactions, it modulates oncogenic and tumor‐suppressive pathways in a tissue‐dependent manner. For example, in prostate cancer TUG1 regulates PTEN levels; in glioma and oral squamous cell carcinoma it modulates miR-145 activity; in bladder cancer and osteosarcoma it influences EMT and cell invasion by titrating miRNAs such as miR-144/miR-144-3p and miR-26a; and similar ceRNA mechanisms are also implicated in acute myeloid leukemia chemoresistance."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "7", "end_ref": "15"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nBeyond these molecular mechanisms, TUG1 plays diverse roles in disease progression and therapy responsiveness across a wide spectrum of cancers and other disorders. In several tumor types—including small cell lung cancer, osteosarcoma, glioma, thyroid cancer, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, colorectal cancer, hepatoblastoma, pancreatic carcinoma, high‐grade bladder cancer, and gallbladder carcinoma—TUG1 modulates cell proliferation, migration, invasion, cell cycle progression, apoptosis, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and angiogenesis. Its dysregulation, which is often associated with poor patient prognosis, is mediated by both ceRNA activity and epigenetic modulation. TUG1 is also implicated in non‐malignant diseases such as calcific aortic valve disease, atherosclerosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pre‐eclampsia, intervertebral disc degeneration, and even in the osteogenic differentiation of stem cells. In many instances, TUG1 contributes to chemoresistance and radioresistance, underscoring its potential as a therapeutic target."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "16", "end_ref": "42"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn summary, TUG1 emerges as a context‐dependent regulator with dual roles—acting either to promote or inhibit tumor progression and other disease processes. Through its ability to interface with chromatin modifiers in the nucleus and to function as a ceRNA in the cytoplasm, TUG1 intricately modulates diverse signaling pathways that control cell fate, angiogenesis, metastatic potential, and therapy resistance. These multifarious roles underscore its promise as both a prognostic biomarker and a therapeutic target in cancer and cardiovascular, developmental, and degenerative diseases.\n(Comments in this concluding synthesis draw from the breadth of studies cited above.)\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "T L Young, T Matsuda, C L Cepko "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The noncoding RNA taurine upregulated gene 1 is required for differentiation of the murine retina."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Curr Biol (2005)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.cub.2005.02.027"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2005.02.027"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "15797018"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15797018"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Liuqing Yang, Chunru Lin, Wen Liu, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "ncRNA- and Pc2 methylation-dependent gene relocation between nuclear structures mediates gene activation programs."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cell (2011)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.cell.2011.08.054"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2011.08.054"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "22078878"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22078878"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "E-b Zhang, D-d Yin, M Sun, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "P53-regulated long non-coding RNA TUG1 affects cell proliferation in human non-small cell lung cancer, partly through epigenetically regulating HOXB7 expression."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cell Death Dis (2014)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/cddis.2014.201"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/cddis.2014.201"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "24853421"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24853421"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 4, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "E Zhang, X He, D Yin, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Increased expression of long noncoding RNA TUG1 predicts a poor prognosis of gastric cancer and regulates cell proliferation by epigenetically silencing of p57."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cell Death Dis (2016)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/cddis.2015.356"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/cddis.2015.356"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "26913601"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26913601"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 5, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Zheng Li, Jianxiong Shen, Matthew T V Chan, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "TUG1: a pivotal oncogenic long non-coding RNA of human cancers."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cell Prolif (2016)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1111/cpr.12269"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/cpr.12269"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "27339553"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27339553"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 6, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Sebastiaan van Heesch, Franziska Witte, Valentin Schneider-Lunitz, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The Translational Landscape of the Human Heart."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cell (2019)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.cell.2019.05.010"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2019.05.010"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "31155234"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31155234"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 7, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Zhou Du, Tong Sun, Ezgi Hacisuleyman, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Integrative analyses reveal a long noncoding RNA-mediated sponge regulatory network in prostate cancer."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nat Commun (2016)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/ncomms10982"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms10982"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "26975529"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26975529"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 8, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Keisuke Katsushima, Atsushi Natsume, Fumiharu Ohka, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Targeting the Notch-regulated non-coding RNA TUG1 for glioma treatment."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nat Commun (2016)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/ncomms13616"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms13616"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "27922002"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27922002"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 9, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Jiemei Tan, Kaifeng Qiu, Mingyi Li, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Double-negative feedback loop between long non-coding RNA TUG1 and miR-145 promotes epithelial to mesenchymal transition and radioresistance in human bladder cancer cells."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "FEBS Lett (2015)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.febslet.2015.08.020"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2015.08.020"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "26318860"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26318860"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 10, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Lin Jiang, Wenchao Wang, Guoli Li, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "High TUG1 expression is associated with chemotherapy resistance and poor prognosis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cancer Chemother Pharmacol (2016)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1007/s00280-016-3066-y"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00280-016-3066-y"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "27329359"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27329359"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 11, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Heng Cai, Yixue Xue, Ping Wang, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The long noncoding RNA TUG1 regulates blood-tumor barrier permeability by targeting miR-144."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Oncotarget (2015)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.18632/oncotarget.4331"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.4331"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "26078353"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26078353"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 12, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Jiaqing Cao, Xinyou Han, Xin Qi, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "TUG1 promotes osteosarcoma tumorigenesis by upregulating EZH2 expression via miR-144-3p."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Int J Oncol (2017)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.3892/ijo.2017.4110"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2017.4110"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "28902349"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28902349"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 13, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Jun Li, Gang An, Meng Zhang, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Long non-coding RNA TUG1 acts as a miR-26a sponge in human glioma cells."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Biochem Biophys Res Commun (2016)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.06.129"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.06.129"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "27363339"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27363339"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 14, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Shuang Liang, Songzi Zhang, Peng Wang, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "LncRNA, TUG1 regulates the oral squamous cell carcinoma progression possibly via interacting with Wnt/β-catenin signaling."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Gene (2017)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.gene.2017.01.024"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2017.01.024"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "28119088"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28119088"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 15, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Qun Li, Wei Song, Jianmin Wang "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "TUG1 confers Adriamycin resistance in acute myeloid leukemia by epigenetically suppressing miR-34a expression via EZH2."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Biomed Pharmacother (2019)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.biopha.2018.11.003"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.11.003"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "30551433"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30551433"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 16, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Yuchun Niu, Feng Ma, Weimei Huang, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Long non-coding RNA TUG1 is involved in cell growth and chemoresistance of small cell lung cancer by regulating LIMK2b via EZH2."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mol Cancer (2017)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1186/s12943-016-0575-6"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12943-016-0575-6"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "28069000"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28069000"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 17, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Qiang Zhang, Pei-Liang Geng, Pei Yin, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Down-regulation of long non-coding RNA TUG1 inhibits osteosarcoma cell proliferation and promotes apoptosis."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Asian Pac J Cancer Prev (2013)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.4.2311"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.4.2311"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "23725133"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23725133"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 18, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Jun Li, Meng Zhang, Gang An, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "LncRNA TUG1 acts as a tumor suppressor in human glioma by promoting cell apoptosis."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Exp Biol Med (Maywood) (2016)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1177/1535370215622708"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1177/1535370215622708"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "26748401"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26748401"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 19, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Hongwei Lei, Yan Gao, Xiaoying Xu "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "LncRNA TUG1 influences papillary thyroid cancer cell proliferation, migration and EMT formation through targeting miR-145."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) (2017)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1093/abbs/gmx047"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1093/abbs/gmx047"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "28645161"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28645161"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 20, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Youtao Xu, Jie Wang, Mantang Qiu, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Upregulation of the long noncoding RNA TUG1 promotes proliferation and migration of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Tumour Biol (2015)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1007/s13277-014-2763-6"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s13277-014-2763-6"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "25366138"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25366138"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 21, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Ming-De Huang, Wen-Ming Chen, Fu-Zhen Qi, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Long non-coding RNA TUG1 is up-regulated in hepatocellular carcinoma and promotes cell growth and apoptosis by epigenetically silencing of KLF2."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mol Cancer (2015)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1186/s12943-015-0431-0"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12943-015-0431-0"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "26336870"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26336870"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 22, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Junfeng Sun, Chaohui Ding, Zhen Yang, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The long non-coding RNA TUG1 indicates a poor prognosis for colorectal cancer and promotes metastasis by affecting epithelial-mesenchymal transition."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Transl Med (2016)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1186/s12967-016-0786-z"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-016-0786-z"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "26856330"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26856330"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 23, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Yong Wang, Tao Yang, Zhen Zhang, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Long non-coding RNA TUG1 promotes migration and invasion by acting as a ceRNA of miR-335-5p in osteosarcoma cells."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cancer Sci (2017)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1111/cas.13201"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/cas.13201"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "28205334"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28205334"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 24, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Chu-Hai Xie, Yan-Ming Cao, Yan Huang, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Long non-coding RNA TUG1 contributes to tumorigenesis of human osteosarcoma by sponging miR-9-5p and regulating POU2F1 expression."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Tumour Biol (2016)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1007/s13277-016-5391-5"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s13277-016-5391-5"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "27658774"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27658774"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 25, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "R Dong, G-B Liu, B-H Liu, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Targeting long non-coding RNA-TUG1 inhibits tumor growth and angiogenesis in hepatoblastoma."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cell Death Dis (2016)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/cddis.2016.143"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/cddis.2016.143"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "27362796"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27362796"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 26, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "F-P Li, D-Q Lin, L-Y Gao "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "LncRNA TUG1 promotes proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cell and atherosclerosis through regulating miRNA-21/PTEN axis."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci (2018)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.26355/eurrev_201811_16284"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.26355/eurrev_201811_16284"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "30468492"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30468492"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 27, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Yetao Xu, Zhiping Ge, Erbao Zhang, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The lncRNA TUG1 modulates proliferation in trophoblast cells via epigenetic suppression of RND3."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cell Death Dis (2017)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/cddis.2017.503"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/cddis.2017.503"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "29022920"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29022920"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 28, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Liang Wang, Zhenxian Zhao, Weidong Feng, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Long non-coding RNA TUG1 promotes colorectal cancer metastasis via EMT pathway."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Oncotarget (2016)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.18632/oncotarget.10563"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.10563"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "27421138"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27421138"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 29, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Liang Zhao, Hongwei Sun, Hongru Kong, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The Lncrna-TUG1/EZH2 Axis Promotes Pancreatic Cancer Cell Proliferation, Migration and EMT Phenotype Formation Through Sponging Mir-382."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cell Physiol Biochem (2017)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1159/000479990"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1159/000479990"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "28813705"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28813705"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 30, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Pei-Chin Lin, Hsien-Da Huang, Chun-Chi Chang, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Long noncoding RNA TUG1 is downregulated in non-small cell lung cancer and can regulate CELF1 on binding to PRC2."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "BMC Cancer (2016)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1186/s12885-016-2569-6"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-016-2569-6"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "27485439"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27485439"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 31, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Changfeng Li, Yongjian Gao, Yongchao Li, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "TUG1 mediates methotrexate resistance in colorectal cancer via miR-186/CPEB2 axis."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Biochem Biophys Res Commun (2017)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.03.042"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.03.042"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "28302487"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28302487"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 32, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Wenxiang Tang, Zhenyu Shen, Jiang Guo, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Screening of long non-coding RNA and TUG1 inhibits proliferation with TGF-β induction in patients with COPD."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis (2016)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.2147/COPD.S109570"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.2147/COPD.S109570"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "27932875"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27932875"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 33, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Robert Iliev, Renata Kleinova, Jaroslav Juracek, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Overexpression of long non-coding RNA TUG1 predicts poor prognosis and promotes cancer cell proliferation and migration in high-grade muscle-invasive bladder cancer."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Tumour Biol (2016)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1007/s13277-016-5177-9"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s13277-016-5177-9"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "27460088"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27460088"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 34, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Lifen Liu, Xin Chen, Ying Zhang, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Long non-coding RNA TUG1 promotes endometrial cancer development via inhibiting miR-299 and miR-34a-5p."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Oncotarget (2017)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.18632/oncotarget.15607"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.15607"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "28404901"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28404901"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 35, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Xiaoguang Wu, Xiaohui Zheng, Jing Cheng, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "LncRNA TUG1 regulates proliferation and apoptosis by regulating miR-148b/IGF2 axis in ox-LDL-stimulated VSMC and HUVEC."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Life Sci (2020)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117287"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117287"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "31926240"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31926240"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 36, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Tielei Tang, Yonggang Cheng, Qing She, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Long non-coding RNA TUG1 sponges miR-197 to enhance cisplatin sensitivity in triple negative breast cancer."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Biomed Pharmacother (2018)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.biopha.2018.07.076"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.07.076"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "30098551"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30098551"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 37, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Qin He, Shuangyan Yang, Xiuge Gu, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Long noncoding RNA TUG1 facilitates osteogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells via interacting with Lin28A."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cell Death Dis (2018)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/s41419-018-0484-2"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41419-018-0484-2"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "29674645"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29674645"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 38, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Chuhai Xie, Binwei Chen, Boyi Wu, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "LncRNA TUG1 promotes cell proliferation and suppresses apoptosis in osteosarcoma by regulating miR-212-3p/FOXA1 axis."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Biomed Pharmacother (2018)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.biopha.2017.12.004"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2017.12.004"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "29793327"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29793327"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 39, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Fei Ma, Shou-Hua Wang, Qiang Cai, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Long non-coding RNA TUG1 promotes cell proliferation and metastasis by negatively regulating miR-300 in gallbladder carcinoma."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Biomed Pharmacother (2017)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.biopha.2017.01.150"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2017.01.150"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "28178615"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28178615"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 40, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Jiang Chen, Yu-Song Jia, Gen-Zhe Liu, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Role of LncRNA TUG1 in intervertebral disc degeneration and nucleus pulposus cells via regulating Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Biochem Biophys Res Commun (2017)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.07.146"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.07.146"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "28756222"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28756222"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 41, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Gang Li, Keyu Liu, Xinhui Du "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Long Non-Coding RNA TUG1 Promotes Proliferation and Inhibits Apoptosis of Osteosarcoma Cells by Sponging miR-132-3p and Upregulating SOX4 Expression."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Yonsei Med J (2018)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.3349/ymj.2018.59.2.226"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.3349/ymj.2018.59.2.226"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "29436190"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29436190"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 42, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cong Yu, Lifu Li, Fei Xie, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "LncRNA TUG1 sponges miR-204-5p to promote osteoblast differentiation through upregulating Runx2 in aortic valve calcification."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cardiovasc Res (2018)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1093/cvr/cvx180"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvx180"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "29016735"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29016735"}]}]}]}