{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nAlthough none of these abstracts directly mention UGDH‐AS1, they collectively describe a network of E3 ubiquitin ligases that govern innate immune signaling and cellular homeostasis—a framework that could be relevant to understanding UGDH‐AS1 function. For example, studies have revealed that RNF90 acts as a negative regulator of antiviral responses. One investigation showed that RNF90 promotes K48‐linked ubiquitination of MITA (a central adaptor in DNA virus– and cytosolic DNA–triggered innate immunity), leading to its proteasomal degradation and consequent attenuation of inflammatory cytokine production."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " In a related study, RNF90 was also found to target MAVS during RNA virus infection, similarly inducing its degradation and thereby dampening RNA virus–triggered host defenses."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "2"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nOther research has focused on the TRIM family of E3 ubiquitin ligases. TRIM7, for instance, has been shown to potentiate the Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4)–mediated innate response by enhancing the production of pro‐inflammatory cytokines in macrophages."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "3"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Moreover, TRIM7 also facilitates autophagosome accumulation during Listeria monocytogenes infection by promoting K63‐linked ubiquitination of the autophagy key regulator ATG7, thereby influencing antibacterial defense mechanisms."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "4"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nFinally, investigations into other related ubiquitin ligases, such as GNIP1—which interacts with glycogenin—suggest a potential role in regulating glycogen metabolism."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "5"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Although direct connections of GNIP1 to immune regulation remain to be firmly established, these collective findings underscore how posttranslational modifications orchestrated by ubiquitin ligases are pivotal in fine‐tuning both immune responses and cellular metabolism. This integrated regulatory network may offer useful insights when considering the functional characterization of additional regulators such as UGDH‐AS1.\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Bo Yang, Yue Liu, Yuhan Cui, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "RNF90 negatively regulates cellular antiviral responses by targeting MITA for degradation."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "PLoS Pathog (2020)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1371/journal.ppat.1008387"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1008387"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "32126128"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32126128"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Bo Yang, Ge Zhang, Xiao Qin, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Negative Regulation of RNF90 on RNA Virus-Triggered Antiviral Immune Responses Targeting MAVS."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Front Immunol (2021)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.3389/fimmu.2021.730483"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.730483"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "34512666"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34512666"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mingfeng Lu, Xuhui Zhu, Zhizhou Yang, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "E3 ubiquitin ligase tripartite motif 7 positively regulates the TLR4-mediated immune response via its E3 ligase domain in macrophages."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mol Immunol (2019)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.molimm.2019.01.015"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molimm.2019.01.015"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "30928727"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30928727"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 4, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Jie Wang, Xiao Qin, Yulu Huang, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "TRIM7/RNF90 promotes autophagy via regulation of ATG7 ubiquitination during "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "i"}], "href": "i"}, {"type": "t", "text": "L. monocytogenes"}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "/i"}], "href": "/i"}, {"type": "t", "text": " infection."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Autophagy (2023)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1080/15548627.2022.2162706"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1080/15548627.2022.2162706"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "36576150"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36576150"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 5, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Marta Montori-Grau, Robert Pedreira-Casahuga, Zoé Boyer-Díaz, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "GNIP1 E3 ubiquitin ligase is a novel player in regulating glycogen metabolism in skeletal muscle."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Metabolism (2018)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.metabol.2018.02.005"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2018.02.005"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "29466708"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29466708"}]}]}]}