{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nUSP44 plays a critical role in ensuring faithful cell division by regulating the mitotic checkpoint. It prevents premature activation of the anaphase‐promoting complex by deubiquitinating pivotal components such as Cdc20, thereby maintaining the inhibitory Mad2–Cdc20 complex and enforcing the spindle checkpoint (["}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "], ["}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "2"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "], ["}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "3"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "]). In addition, in settings where centrosome number is in excess—as observed in breast cancer stem cells—USP44 is upregulated and localizes to pole-associated centrosomes to promote proper bipolar spindle assembly, thus mitigating the risk of aberrant chromosome segregation (["}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "4"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "]). \n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn the nucleus, USP44 contributes to the regulation of chromatin and DNA repair. It antagonizes chromatin ubiquitylation at double-strand breaks by deubiquitinating histone H2A, thereby limiting the accumulation of repair factors mediated by the RNF8/RNF168 cascade (["}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "5"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "]). USP44 also exerts epigenetic control by stabilizing transcription factors such as FOXP3 in regulatory T cells, and it is an integral subunit of the N-CoR complex where it removes ubiquitin from histone H2B to modulate gene repression (["}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "6"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "], ["}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "7"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "]). \n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nThe role of USP44 in cancer is multifaceted and context dependent. In nasopharyngeal carcinoma, hypermethylation‐induced downregulation of USP44 sensitizes tumor cells to radiotherapy by recruiting and stabilizing TRIM25, which in turn promotes the degradation of DNA repair factors such as Ku80 (["}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "8"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "]). In gastric carcinoma, circular RNA circFOXO3 acts through a miR‑143‑3p/USP44 axis to enhance cell proliferation and migration (["}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "9"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "]). In prostate cancer, USP44 stabilizes the oncogenic histone methyltransferase EZH2 through deubiquitination, thereby promoting tumorigenesis (["}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "10"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "], ["}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "11"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "]). Moreover, epigenetic silencing of USP44 has been observed in colorectal adenomas (["}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "12"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "]), while its dysregulated expression is also implicated in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (["}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "13"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "]), non-small cell lung cancer—where stabilization of PTEN leads to suppression of AKT signaling (["}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "14"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "])—and breast cancer, in which USP44 hypermethylation correlates with poor tumor-suppressive function (["}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "15"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "]). In hepatocellular carcinoma, reduced USP44 expression is associated with cell cycle dysregulation and an adverse clinical prognosis (["}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "16"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "]).\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nUSP44 is also influential in hematologic malignancies and developmental disorders. In T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, elevated USP44 levels promote cell proliferation and cell cycle progression by interacting with factors such as WDR5, with its stabilization further driven by NOVA1-mediated mRNA binding (["}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "17"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "], ["}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "18"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "]). In cholangiocarcinoma, USP44 activity is modulated by MAD2 sequestration, disrupting its interaction with LIMA1 and thereby activating the PI3K/AKT pathway to drive progression and chemoresistance (["}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "19"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "]). Furthermore, high USP44 expression in neuroblastoma correlates with metastatic disease and aggressive behavior through effects on histone H2B ubiquitination (["}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "20"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "]). Germline mutations in USP44 have been identified in families affected by intellectual disability accompanied by skeletal anomalies, highlighting its developmental importance (["}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "21"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "]). Finally, analyses in malignant salivary gland neoplasms revealed widespread USP44 expression without a clear link to aneuploidy, underscoring the complexity of its role in tumor biology (["}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "22"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "]).\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Frank Stegmeier, Michael Rape, Viji M Draviam, et al. 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