| Name | tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase 1 |
| Description | Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases catalyze the aminoacylation of tRNA by their cognate amino acid. Because of their central role in linking amino acids with nucleotide triplets contained in tRNAs, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are thought to be among the first proteins that appeared in evolution. Tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase belongs to the class I tRNA synthetase family. Cytokine activities have also been observed for the human tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase, after it is split into two parts, an N-terminal fragment that harbors the catalytic site and a C-terminal fragment found only in the mammalian enzyme. The N-terminal fragment is an interleukin-8-like cytokine, whereas the released C-terminal fragment is an EMAP II-like cytokine. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008] |
| Summary |
{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nHuman tyrosyl‐tRNA synthetase (YARS1) is a quintessential enzyme of protein synthesis that catalyzes the attachment of tyrosine to its cognate tRNA. Detailed kinetic and structural studies have revealed that the human enzyme employs unique adaptations—such as a potassium‐dependent reaction that functionally compensates for a missing lysine in the canonical KMSKS motif, critical serine residues that stabilize the transition state, and dynamic interdomain interactions that modulate its folding and dimerization. Notably, sophisticated engineering approaches have also been applied to improve the efficiency of YARS1‐derived synthetases, and molecular dynamics simulations of both wild‐type and disease‐associated mutants have provided insights into conformational changes that alter its catalytic core."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "6"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nBeyond its canonical role in translation, YARS1 exhibits a remarkable capacity for “moonlighting” in non‐canonical signaling pathways. Proteolytic or splicing‐generated fragments of YARS1, such as mini–tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase, display potent cytokine‐like activities that can promote angiogenesis or, in contrast, mediate anti-angiogenic effects when paired with related enzyme fragments. Moreover, YARS1 undergoes regulated nuclear translocation—controlled in part by its binding to cognate tRNA and modulated by posttranslational modifications like acetylation—which facilitates the activation of transcription factors and upregulation of DNA repair genes under oxidative stress. In addition, YARS1 is implicated in neuromodulation through the synthesis of kyotorphin and acts as an extracellular proinflammatory mediator by engaging Toll-like receptors, thereby linking aminoacylation to diverse cell-signaling events."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "7", "end_ref": "17"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nMutations in YARS1 have been implicated in a spectrum of human diseases—from dominant peripheral neuropathies such as Charcot–Marie–Tooth (CMT) disease to recessive, multisystem disorders characterized by developmental delay, liver dysfunction, and other organ system defects. In various model systems, mutant forms of YARS1 have been shown to alter translational output and trigger toxic gain-of-function activities, including aberrant actin bundling and misinteraction with other cellular proteins, while altered splicing can yield variants with distinct tissue distributions. Furthermore, dysregulation of YARS1 activity has been linked not only to neurodegeneration but also to disturbances in hematopoiesis and even to oncogenic processes in tissues such as the gastric epithelium. Collectively, these findings underscore that perturbations in both its canonical and non‐canonical functions contribute to the diverse pathophysiological manifestations associated with YARS1."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "18", "end_ref": "32"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Richard B Cooley, Jessica L Feldman, Camden M Driggers, et al. 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| NCBI Gene ID | 8565 |
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YARS1 has 4,161 functional associations with biological entities spanning 5 categories (chemical, disease, phenotype or trait, functional term, phrase or reference, cell line, cell type or tissue, gene, protein or microRNA) extracted from 46 datasets.
Click the + buttons to view associations for YARS1 from the datasets below.
If available, associations are ranked by standardized value
| Dataset | Summary | |
|---|---|---|
| Allen Brain Atlas Aging Dementia and Traumatic Brain Injury Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles | tissue samples with high or low expression of YARS1 gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Aging Dementia and Traumatic Brain Injury Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| Carcinogenome Chemical Perturbation Carcinogenicity Signatures | small molecule perturbations changing expression of YARS1 gene from the Carcinogenome Chemical Perturbation Carcinogenicity Signatures dataset. | |
| CCLE Cell Line Proteomics | Cell lines associated with YARS1 protein from the CCLE Cell Line Proteomics dataset. | |
| CellMarker Gene-Cell Type Associations | cell types associated with YARS1 gene from the CellMarker Gene-Cell Type Associations dataset. | |
| ChEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022 | transcription factors binding the promoter of YARS1 gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022 dataset. | |
| ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations 2025 | phenotypes associated with YARS1 gene from the curated ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations 2025 dataset. | |
| CM4AI KOLF21J CRISPRi Gene Perturbation Atlas | gene perturbations changing expression of YARS1 gene from the CM4AI KOLF21J CRISPRi Gene Perturbation Atlas dataset. | |
| CM4AI U2OS Cell Map Protein Localization Assemblies | assemblies containing YARS1 protein from integrated AP-MS and IF data from the CM4AI U2OS Cell Map Protein Localization Assemblies dataset. | |
| COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 | cellular components containing YARS1 protein from the COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 dataset. | |
| COMPARTMENTS Experimental Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 | cellular components containing YARS1 protein in low- or high-throughput protein localization assays from the COMPARTMENTS Experimental Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 dataset. | |
| COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 | cellular components co-occuring with YARS1 protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 dataset. | |
| DISEASES Curated Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025 | diseases involving YARS1 gene from the DISEASES Curated Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025 dataset. | |
| DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025 | diseases co-occuring with YARS1 gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores 2025 dataset. | |
| DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations | diseases associated with YARS1 gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations dataset. | |
| DisGeNET Gene-Phenotype Associations | phenotypes associated with YARS1 gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Phenoptype Associations dataset. | |
| GO Biological Process Annotations 2023 | biological processes involving YARS1 gene from the curated GO Biological Process Annotations 2023 dataset. | |
| GO Biological Process Annotations 2025 | biological processes involving YARS1 gene from the curated GO Biological Process Annotations2025 dataset. | |
| GO Cellular Component Annotations 2023 | cellular components containing YARS1 protein from the curated GO Cellular Component Annotations 2023 dataset. | |
| GO Cellular Component Annotations 2025 | cellular components containing YARS1 protein from the curated GO Cellular Component Annotations 2025 dataset. | |
| GO Molecular Function Annotations 2023 | molecular functions performed by YARS1 gene from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2023 dataset. | |
| GO Molecular Function Annotations 2025 | molecular functions performed by YARS1 gene from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2025 dataset. | |
| GTEx Tissue Gene Expression Profiles 2023 | tissues with high or low expression of YARS1 gene relative to other tissues from the GTEx Tissue Gene Expression Profiles 2023 dataset. | |
| GTEx Tissue-Specific Aging Signatures | tissue samples with high or low expression of YARS1 gene relative to other tissue samples from the GTEx Tissue-Specific Aging Signatures dataset. | |
| JASPAR Predicted Human Transcription Factor Targets 2025 | transcription factors regulating expression of YARS1 gene predicted using known transcription factor binding site motifs from the JASPAR Predicted Human Transcription Factor Targets dataset. | |
| JASPAR Predicted Mouse Transcription Factor Targets 2025 | transcription factors regulating expression of YARS1 gene predicted using known transcription factor binding site motifs from the JASPAR Predicted Mouse Transcription Factor Targets 2025 dataset. | |
| KEGG Pathways 2026 | pathways involving YARS1 protein from the KEGG Pathways 2026 dataset. | |
| LINCS L1000 CMAP Chemical Perturbation Consensus Signatures | small molecule perturbations changing expression of YARS1 gene from the LINCS L1000 CMAP Chemical Perturbations Consensus Signatures dataset. | |
| LINCS L1000 CMAP CRISPR Knockout Consensus Signatures | gene perturbations changing expression of YARS1 gene from the LINCS L1000 CMAP CRISPR Knockout Consensus Signatures dataset. | |
| MGI Mouse Phenotype Associations 2023 | phenotypes of transgenic mice caused by YARS1 gene mutations from the MGI Mouse Phenotype Associations 2023 dataset. | |
| MoTrPAC Rat Endurance Exercise Training | tissue samples with high or low expression of YARS1 gene relative to other tissue samples from the MoTrPAC Rat Endurance Exercise Training dataset. | |
| MW Enzyme Metabolite Associations | interacting metabolites for YARS1 protein from the MW Gene Metabolite Associations dataset. | |
| PFOCR Pathway Figure Associations 2023 | pathways involving YARS1 protein from the PFOCR Pathway Figure Associations 2023 dataset. | |
| PFOCR Pathway Figure Associations 2024 | pathways involving YARS1 protein from the Wikipathways PFOCR 2024 dataset. | |
| Reactome Pathways 2024 | pathways involving YARS1 protein from the Reactome Pathways 2024 dataset. | |
| Replogle et al., Cell, 2022 K562 Essential Perturb-seq Gene Perturbation Signatures | gene perturbations changing expression of YARS1 gene from the Replogle et al., Cell, 2022 K562 Essential Perturb-seq Gene Perturbation Signatures dataset. | |
| Replogle et al., Cell, 2022 K562 Genome-wide Perturb-seq Gene Perturbation Signatures | gene perturbations changing expression of YARS1 gene from the Replogle et al., Cell, 2022 K562 Genome-wide Perturb-seq Gene Perturbation Signatures dataset. | |
| Replogle et al., Cell, 2022 RPE1 Essential Perturb-seq Gene Perturbation Signatures | gene perturbations changing expression of YARS1 gene from the Replogle et al., Cell, 2022 RPE1 Essential Perturb-seq Gene Perturbation Signatures dataset. | |
| Rummagene Transcription Factor Associations 2026 | transcription factors regulating expression of YARS1 gene from the Rummagene Transcription Factor Associations 2026 dataset. | |
| RummaGEO Drug Perturbation Signatures | drug perturbations changing expression of YARS1 gene from the RummaGEO Drug Perturbation Signatures dataset. | |
| RummaGEO Gene Perturbation Signatures | gene perturbations changing expression of YARS1 gene from the RummaGEO Gene Perturbation Signatures dataset. | |
| Sci-Plex Drug Perturbation Signatures | drug perturbations changing expression of YARS1 gene from the Sci-Plex Drug Perturbation Signatures dataset. | |
| Tahoe Therapeutics Tahoe 100M Perturbation Atlas | drug perturbations changing expression of YARS1 gene from the Tahoe Therapeutics Tahoe 100M Perturbation Atlas dataset. | |
| TISSUES Curated Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores 2025 | tissues with high expression of YARS1 protein from the TISSUES Curated Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores 2025 dataset. | |
| TISSUES Experimental Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores 2025 | tissues with high expression of YARS1 protein in proteomics datasets from the TISSUES Experimental Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores 2025 dataset. | |
| TISSUES Text-mining Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores 2025 | tissues co-occuring with YARS1 protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the TISSUES Text-mining Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores 2025 dataset. | |
| WikiPathways Pathways 2024 | pathways involving YARS1 protein from the WikiPathways Pathways 2024 dataset. | |
