{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nZC3HAV1, also known as the zinc‐finger antiviral protein (ZAP) or PARP13, is an interferon‐inducible host restriction factor that broadly counteracts viral infections by binding viral RNAs via its conserved CCCH‐type zinc‐finger motifs. This binding is highly sequence specific, often targeting CpG dinucleotides and cytosine‐rich regions, and leads to the recruitment of cellular RNA degradation machinery—including poly(A)‐specific ribonuclease (PARN), the RNA exosome, decapping complexes, and cofactors such as KHNYN—to selectively destabilize viral transcripts. These activities have been demonstrated in diverse viruses such as HIV‑1 and hepatitis B virus, where ZC3HAV1 inhibits virus propagation by promoting the degradation of key viral mRNAs."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "5"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nMultiple alternatively spliced isoforms of ZC3HAV1—including the long isoform (ZAP‐L) that contains a C‐terminal PARP‐like domain and the short isoform (ZAP‐S)—mediate overlapping yet distinct aspects of host defense. While ZAP‐L generally exhibits stronger antiviral activity against retroviruses, alphaviruses, and hepatitis B virus, ZAP‐S has been shown to act as a potent stimulator of interferon responses by facilitating RIG‐I oligomerization and simultaneously serving as a negative feedback regulator by targeting interferon mRNAs. In addition to impairing viral replication, ZAP restricts retrotransposition and regulates cellular mRNA stability—including transcripts involved in apoptosis—thereby contributing to cellular stress responses."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "6", "end_ref": "13"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nStructural and biochemical investigations show that ZAP’s antiviral activity is critically dependent on a defined RNA‐binding module, where four zinc fingers create a basic surface and a specialized pocket that accommodates CpG dinucleotides. Although the PARP‐like domain present in the long isoform lacks canonical catalytic activity, it is essential for mediating potent viral inhibition and proper intracellular localization (further modulated by post‐translational modifications such as S‐farnesylation). Moreover, certain viruses counteract ZAP function by either suppressing CpG content in their genomes or actively cleaving ZAP via viral proteases, underscoring an evolutionary arms race between host antiviral defenses and viral evasion strategies."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "14", "end_ref": "20"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nBeyond its role in combatting many RNA viruses, ZC3HAV1 also influences the course of infections by DNA viruses (such as human cytomegalovirus and gammaherpesviruses) by targeting specific viral transcripts and thereby decelerating viral gene expression programs. In addition, by shaping viral genome composition and interacting with a broad network of co‐factors, ZAP contributes to the regulation of innate immune responses and cellular homeostasis; genetic variations within its coding regions have even been associated with altered susceptibility to autoimmune disease and to cancer. In some contexts, however, certain viruses (for example, herpes simplex virus type 1) appear relatively refractory to ZAP’s inhibitory effects. These multifaceted cellular functions and the dynamic modulation of its isoform expression and post‐translational state emphasize ZAP’s central role as both an effector and regulator in the innate antiviral network."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "21", "end_ref": "34"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Yiping Zhu, Guifang Chen, Fengxiang Lv, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Zinc-finger antiviral protein inhibits HIV-1 infection by selectively targeting multiply spliced viral mRNAs for degradation."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2011)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1073/pnas.1101676108"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1101676108"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "21876179"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21876179"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Richeng Mao, Hui Nie, Dawei Cai, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Inhibition of hepatitis B virus replication by the host zinc finger antiviral protein."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "PLoS Pathog (2013)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1371/journal.ppat.1003494"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1003494"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "23853601"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23853601"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mattia Ficarelli, Harry Wilson, Rui Pedro Galão, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "KHNYN is essential for the zinc finger antiviral protein (ZAP) to restrict HIV-1 containing clustered CpG dinucleotides."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Elife (2019)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.7554/eLife.46767"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.46767"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "31284899"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31284899"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 4, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Jennifer L Meagher, Matthew Takata, Daniel Gonçalves-Carneiro, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Structure of the zinc-finger antiviral protein in complex with RNA reveals a mechanism for selective targeting of CG-rich viral sequences."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2019)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1073/pnas.1913232116"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1913232116"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "31719195"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31719195"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 5, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Sabine Gläsker, Maren Töller, Beate Mareike Kümmerer "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The alternate triad motif of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-like domain of the human zinc finger antiviral protein is essential for its antiviral activity."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Gen Virol (2014)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1099/vir.0.060988-0"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.060988-0"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "24457973"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24457973"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 6, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Sumio Hayakawa, Souichi Shiratori, Hiroaki Yamato, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "ZAPS is a potent stimulator of signaling mediated by the RNA helicase RIG-I during antiviral responses."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nat Immunol (2011)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/ni.1963"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/ni.1963"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "21102435"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21102435"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 7, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Julie A Kerns, Michael Emerman, Harmit S Malik "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Positive selection and increased antiviral activity associated with the PARP-containing isoform of human zinc-finger antiviral protein."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "PLoS Genet (2008)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1371/journal.pgen.0040021"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.0040021"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "18225958"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18225958"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 8, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "John L Goodier, Gavin C Pereira, Ling E Cheung, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Protein ZAP Restricts Human Retrotransposition."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "PLoS Genet (2015)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1371/journal.pgen.1005252"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1005252"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "26001115"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26001115"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 9, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Johannes Schwerk, Frank W Soveg, Andrew P Ryan, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "RNA-binding protein isoforms ZAP-S and ZAP-L have distinct antiviral and immune resolution functions."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nat Immunol (2019)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/s41590-019-0527-6"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590-019-0527-6"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "31740798"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31740798"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 10, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Tanya Todorova, Florian J Bock, Paul Chang "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-13 and RNA regulation in immunity and cancer."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Trends Mol Med (2015)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.molmed.2015.03.002"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molmed.2015.03.002"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "25851173"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25851173"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 11, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "R Cagliani, F R Guerini, M Fumagalli, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "A trans-specific polymorphism in ZC3HAV1 is maintained by long-standing balancing selection and may confer susceptibility to multiple sclerosis."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mol Biol Evol (2012)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1093/molbev/mss002"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mss002"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "22319148"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22319148"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 12, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Margaret R MacDonald, Erica S Machlin, Owen R Albin, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The zinc finger antiviral protein acts synergistically with an interferon-induced factor for maximal activity against alphaviruses."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Virol (2007)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1128/JVI.00402-07"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00402-07"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "17928353"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17928353"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 13, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Melody M H Li, Eduardo G Aguilar, Eleftherios Michailidis, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Characterization of Novel Splice Variants of Zinc Finger Antiviral Protein (ZAP)."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Virol (2019)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1128/JVI.00715-19"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00715-19"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "31118263"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31118263"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 14, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Guillaume Charron, Melody M H Li, Margaret R MacDonald, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Prenylome profiling reveals S-farnesylation is crucial for membrane targeting and antiviral activity of ZAP long-isoform."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2013)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1073/pnas.1302564110"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1302564110"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "23776219"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23776219"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 15, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nan Wang, Qingming Dong, Jingjing Li, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Viral induction of the zinc finger antiviral protein is IRF3-dependent but NF-kappaB-independent."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Biol Chem (2010)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1074/jbc.M109.054486"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M109.054486"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "20048147"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20048147"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 16, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Li Xie, Baojing Lu, Zhenhua Zheng, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The 3C protease of enterovirus A71 counteracts the activity of host zinc-finger antiviral protein (ZAP)."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Gen Virol (2018)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1099/jgv.0.000982"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1099/jgv.0.000982"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "29182509"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29182509"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 17, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Chen Peng, Linda S Wyatt, Shira G Glushakow-Smith, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Zinc-finger antiviral protein (ZAP) is a restriction factor for replication of modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) in human cells."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "PLoS Pathog (2020)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1371/journal.ppat.1008845"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1008845"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "32866210"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32866210"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 18, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Kelsie M Rodriguez, Sara C Buch-Larsen, Ilsa T Kirby, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Chemical genetics and proteome-wide site mapping reveal cysteine MARylation by PARP-7 on immune-relevant protein targets."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Elife (2021)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.7554/eLife.60480"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.60480"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "33475084"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33475084"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 19, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Dorota Kmiec, Rayhane Nchioua, Scott Sherrill-Mix, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "CpG Frequency in the 5' Third of the "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "i"}], "href": "i"}, {"type": "t", "text": "env"}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "/i"}], "href": "/i"}, {"type": "t", "text": " Gene Determines Sensitivity of Primary HIV-1 Strains to the Zinc-Finger Antiviral Protein."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "mBio (2020)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1128/mBio.02903-19"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.02903-19"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "31937644"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31937644"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 20, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mitsuaki Fujimoto, Ryosuke Takii, Eiichi Takaki, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The HSF1-PARP13-PARP1 complex facilitates DNA repair and promotes mammary tumorigenesis."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nat Commun (2017)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/s41467-017-01807-7"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-01807-7"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "29158484"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29158484"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 21, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Hsin-Ping Chiu, Han Chiu, Chao-Fu Yang, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Inhibition of Japanese encephalitis virus infection by the host zinc-finger antiviral protein."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "PLoS Pathog (2018)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1371/journal.ppat.1007166"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1007166"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "30016363"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30016363"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 22, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Yulong Wei, Jordan R Silke, Parisa Aris, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Coronavirus genomes carry the signatures of their habitats."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "PLoS One (2020)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1371/journal.pone.0244025"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244025"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "33351847"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33351847"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 23, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Ana Cristina Gonzalez-Perez, Markus Stempel, Emanuel Wyler, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The Zinc Finger Antiviral Protein ZAP Restricts Human Cytomegalovirus and Selectively Binds and Destabilizes Viral "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "i"}], "href": "i"}, {"type": "t", "text": "UL4"}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "/i"}], "href": "/i"}, {"type": "t", "text": "/"}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "i"}], "href": "i"}, {"type": "t", "text": "UL5"}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "/i"}], "href": "/i"}, {"type": "t", "text": " Transcripts."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "mBio (2021)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1128/mBio.02683-20"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.02683-20"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "33947766"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33947766"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 24, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Yao-Tang Lin, Stephen Chiweshe, Dominique McCormick, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Human cytomegalovirus evades ZAP detection by suppressing CpG dinucleotides in the major immediate early 1 gene."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "PLoS Pathog (2020)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1371/journal.ppat.1008844"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1008844"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "32886716"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32886716"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 25, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Yifang Xuan, Ling Liu, Sheng Shen, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Zinc finger antiviral protein inhibits murine gammaherpesvirus 68 M2 expression and regulates viral latency in cultured cells."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Virol (2012)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1128/JVI.01514-12"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01514-12"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "22951821"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22951821"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 26, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Ali Afrasiabi, Nicole L Fewings, Stephen D Schibeci, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The Interaction of Human and "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "i"}], "href": "i"}, {"type": "t", "text": "Epstein-Barr Virus"}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "/i"}], "href": "/i"}, {"type": "t", "text": " miRNAs with Multiple Sclerosis Risk Loci."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Int J Mol Sci (2021)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.3390/ijms22062927"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22062927"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "33805769"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33805769"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 27, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Ahmad Jawad Sabir, Nguyen Phuong Khanh Le, Prince Pal Singh, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Endogenous ZAP affects Zika virus RNA interactome."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "RNA Biol (2024)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1080/15476286.2024.2388911"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1080/15476286.2024.2388911"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "39183472"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39183472"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 28, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Ali Afrasiabi, Hamid Alinejad-Rokny, Azad Khosh, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The low abundance of CpG in the SARS-CoV-2 genome is not an evolutionarily signature of ZAP."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Sci Rep (2022)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/s41598-022-06046-5"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-06046-5"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "35165300"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35165300"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 29, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Phuong Thao Ly, Shaohai Xu, Melissa Wirawan, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "ZAP isoforms regulate unfolded protein response and epithelial- mesenchymal transition."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2022)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1073/pnas.2121453119"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2121453119"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "35881805"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35881805"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 30, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Qiuying Wu, Zhenyu Zhong, Chunya Zhou, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Association of ZC3HAV1 single nucleotide polymorphisms with the susceptibility of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Disease."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "BMC Med Genomics (2023)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1186/s12920-023-01546-3"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12920-023-01546-3"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "37221558"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37221558"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 31, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Paola Miyazato, Misaki Matsuo, Benjy J Y Tan, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "HTLV-1 contains a high CG dinucleotide content and is susceptible to the host antiviral protein ZAP."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Retrovirology (2019)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1186/s12977-019-0500-3"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12977-019-0500-3"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "31842935"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31842935"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 32, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Masuko Katoh, Masaru Katoh "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Identification and characterization of human TIPARP gene within the CCNL amplicon at human chromosome 3q25.31."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Int J Oncol (2003)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12851707"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12851707"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 33, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Wei Huang, Hao Hua, Guoliang Xiao, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "ZC3HAV1 promotes the proliferation and metastasis via regulating KRAS in pancreatic cancer."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Aging (Albany NY) (2021)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.18632/aging.203296"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.203296"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "34319912"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34319912"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 34, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Chenhe Su, Jie Zhang, Chunfu Zheng "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Herpes simplex virus 1 UL41 protein abrogates the antiviral activity of hZAP by degrading its mRNA."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Virol J (2015)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1186/s12985-015-0433-y"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-015-0433-y"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "26625984"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26625984"}]}]}]}