Harmonizome 3.0

From ChIP-X Enrichment Analysis

Transcription factor binding site profiles from published ChIP-chip, ChIP-seq, and other transcription factor functional studies

From ChIP-X Enrichment Analysis

Target genes of transcription factors from published ChIP-chip, ChIP-seq, and other transcription factor binding site profiling studies

From Encyclopedia of DNA Elements

Transcription factor binding site profiles for cell lines

From Encyclopedia of DNA Elements

Target genes of transcription factors from transcription factor binding site profiles

From Gene Expression Omnibus

mRNA expression profiles for cell lines or tissues following transcription factor perturbation (inhibition, activation, knockdown, knockout, over-expression, mutation)

From Jaspar PWMs

Target genes of transcription factors predicted using known transcription factor binding site motifs

From MotifMap

Target genes of transcription factors predicted using known transcription factor binding site motifs

From knockTF

Gene expression profiles for cell lines or tissues following transcription factor perturbation (knockdown/knockout)

From ChIP-X Enrichment Analysis

Target genes of transcription factors from published ChIP-chip, ChIP-seq, and other transcription factor binding site profiling studies

From Jaspar PWMs

Target genes of human transcription factors predicted using known transcription factor binding site motifs

From Jaspar PWMs

Target genes of mouse transcription factors predicted using known transcription factor binding site motifs

From Nuclear Receptor Signaling Atlas

Proteins identified in complexes isolated from cultured cells

From Nuclear Receptor Signaling Atlas

Protein-protein interactions inferred from membership in complexes

lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha factor-like

Predicted to enable zinc ion binding activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of cytokine production. Predicted to be located in membrane. Predicted to be active in cytoplasmic side of late endosome membrane; cytoplasmic side of lysosomal membrane; and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 12A

Involved in positive regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway and regulation of wound healing. Predicted to be located in cell surface and ruffle. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 10d, decoy with truncated death domain pseudogene

RELT tumor necrosis factor receptor

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the TNF-receptor superfamily. This receptor is especially abundant in hematologic tissues. It has been shown to activate the NF-kappaB pathway and selectively bind TNF receptor-associated factor 1 (TRAF1). This receptor is capable of stimulating T-cell proliferation in the presence of CD3 signaling, which suggests its regulatory role in immune response. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene encoding the same protein have been reported. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 10a

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the TNF-receptor superfamily. This receptor is activated by tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TNFSF10/TRAIL), and thus transduces cell death signal and induces cell apoptosis. Studies with FADD-deficient mice suggested that FADD, a death domain containing adaptor protein, is required for the apoptosis mediated by this protein. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 21

This gene encodes a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily. The encoded protein activates nuclear factor kappa-B and mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 (also called c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1), and induces cell apoptosis. Through its death domain, the encoded receptor interacts with tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1-associated death domain (TRADD) protein, which is known to mediate signal transduction of tumor necrosis factor receptors. Knockout studies in mice suggest that this gene plays a role in T-helper cell activation, and may be involved in inflammation and immune regulation. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2013]

tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 25

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the TNF-receptor superfamily. This receptor is expressed preferentially in the tissues enriched in lymphocytes, and it may play a role in regulating lymphocyte homeostasis. This receptor has been shown to stimulate NF-kappa B activity and regulate cell apoptosis. The signal transduction of this receptor is mediated by various death domain containing adaptor proteins. Knockout studies in mice suggested the role of this gene in the removal of self-reactive T cells in the thymus. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene encoding distinct isoforms have been reported, most of which are potentially secreted molecules. The alternative splicing of this gene in B and T cells encounters a programmed change upon T-cell activation, which predominantly produces full-length, membrane bound isoforms, and is thought to be involved in controlling lymphocyte proliferation induced by T-cell activation. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 10c, decoy without an intracellular domain

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the TNF-receptor superfamily. This receptor contains an extracellular TRAIL-binding domain and a transmembrane domain, but no cytoplasmic death domain. This receptor is not capable of inducing apoptosis, and is thought to function as an antagonistic receptor that protects cells from TRAIL-induced apoptosis. This gene was found to be a p53-regulated DNA damage-inducible gene. The expression of this gene was detected in many normal tissues but not in most cancer cell lines, which may explain the specific sensitivity of cancer cells to the apoptosis-inducing activity of TRAIL. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 10b

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the TNF-receptor superfamily, and contains an intracellular death domain. This receptor can be activated by tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TNFSF10/TRAIL/APO-2L), and transduces an apoptosis signal. Studies with FADD-deficient mice suggested that FADD, a death domain containing adaptor protein, is required for the apoptosis mediated by this protein. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms and one non-coding transcript have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2009]

tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 10d, decoy with truncated death domain

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the TNF-receptor superfamily. This receptor contains an extracellular TRAIL-binding domain, a transmembrane domain, and a truncated cytoplamic death domain. This receptor does not induce apoptosis, and has been shown to play an inhibitory role in TRAIL-induced cell apoptosis. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 8

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the TNF-receptor superfamily. This receptor is expressed by activated, but not by resting, T and B cells. TRAF2 and TRAF5 can interact with this receptor, and mediate the signal transduction that leads to the activation of NF-kappaB. This receptor is a positive regulator of apoptosis, and also has been shown to limit the proliferative potential of autoreactive CD8 effector T cells and protect the body against autoimmunity. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene encoding distinct isoforms have been reported. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 9

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the TNF-receptor superfamily. This receptor contributes to the clonal expansion, survival, and development of T cells. It can also induce proliferation in peripheral monocytes, enhance T cell apoptosis induced by TCR/CD3 triggered activation, and regulate CD28 co-stimulation to promote Th1 cell responses. The expression of this receptor is induced by lymphocyte activation. TRAF adaptor proteins have been shown to bind to this receptor and transduce the signals leading to activation of NF-kappaB. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 4

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the TNF-receptor superfamily. This receptor has been shown to activate NF-kappaB through its interaction with adaptor proteins TRAF2 and TRAF5. Knockout studies in mice suggested that this receptor promotes the expression of apoptosis inhibitors BCL2 and BCL2lL1/BCL2-XL, and thus suppresses apoptosis. The knockout studies also suggested the roles of this receptor in CD4+ T cell response, as well as in T cell-dependent B cell proliferation and differentiation. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 6b, decoy

This gene belongs to the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily. The encoded protein is postulated to play a regulatory role in suppressing FasL- and LIGHT-mediated cell death. It acts as a decoy receptor that competes with death receptors for ligand binding. Over-expression of this gene has been noted in gastrointestinal tract tumors. Read-through transcription into this gene from the neighboring upstream gene, which encodes regulator of telomere elongation helicase 1 (RTEL1), generates a non-coding transcript. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2011]

tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 13B

The protein encoded by this gene is a lymphocyte-specific member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily. It interacts with calcium-modulator and cyclophilin ligand (CAML). The protein induces activation of the transcription factors NFAT, AP1, and NF-kappa-B and plays a crucial role in humoral immunity by interacting with a TNF ligand. This gene is located within the Smith-Magenis syndrome region on chromosome 17. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 13C

B cell-activating factor (BAFF) enhances B-cell survival in vitro and is a regulator of the peripheral B-cell population. Overexpression of Baff in mice results in mature B-cell hyperplasia and symptoms of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Also, some SLE patients have increased levels of BAFF in serum. Therefore, it has been proposed that abnormally high levels of BAFF may contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases by enhancing the survival of autoreactive B cells. The protein encoded by this gene is a receptor for BAFF and is a type III transmembrane protein containing a single extracellular cysteine-rich domain. It is thought that this receptor is the principal receptor required for BAFF-mediated mature B-cell survival. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 17

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the TNF-receptor superfamily. This receptor is preferentially expressed in mature B lymphocytes, and may be important for B cell development and autoimmune response. This receptor has been shown to specifically bind to the tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily, member 13b (TNFSF13B/TALL-1/BAFF), and to lead to NF-kappaB and MAPK8/JNK activation. This receptor also binds to various TRAF family members, and thus may transduce signals for cell survival and proliferation. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 14

This gene encodes a member of the TNF (tumor necrosis factor) receptor superfamily. The encoded protein functions in signal transduction pathways that activate inflammatory and inhibitory T-cell immune response. It binds herpes simplex virus (HSV) viral envelope glycoprotein D (gD), mediating its entry into cells. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2014]

tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 18

This gene encodes a member of the TNF-receptor superfamily. The encoded receptor has been shown to have increased expression upon T-cell activation, and it is thought to play a key role in dominant immunological self-tolerance maintained by CD25(+)CD4(+) regulatory T cells. Knockout studies in mice also suggest the role of this receptor is in the regulation of CD3-driven T-cell activation and programmed cell death. Three alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene encoding distinct isoforms have been reported. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2011]

tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 19

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the TNF-receptor superfamily. This receptor is highly expressed during embryonic development. It has been shown to interact with TRAF family members, and to activate JNK signaling pathway when overexpressed in cells. This receptor is capable of inducing apoptosis by a caspase-independent mechanism, and it is thought to play an essential role in embryonic development. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 1B

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the TNF-receptor superfamily. This protein and TNF-receptor 1 form a heterocomplex that mediates the recruitment of two anti-apoptotic proteins, c-IAP1 and c-IAP2, which possess E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. The function of IAPs in TNF-receptor signalling is unknown, however, c-IAP1 is thought to potentiate TNF-induced apoptosis by the ubiquitination and degradation of TNF-receptor-associated factor 2, which mediates anti-apoptotic signals. Knockout studies in mice also suggest a role of this protein in protecting neurons from apoptosis by stimulating antioxidative pathways. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 1A

This gene encodes a member of the TNF receptor superfamily of proteins. The encoded receptor is found in membrane-bound and soluble forms that interact with membrane-bound and soluble forms, respectively, of its ligand, tumor necrosis factor alpha. Binding of membrane-bound tumor necrosis factor alpha to the membrane-bound receptor induces receptor trimerization and activation, which plays a role in cell survival, apoptosis, and inflammation. Proteolytic processing of the encoded receptor results in release of the soluble form of the receptor, which can interact with free tumor necrosis factor alpha to inhibit inflammation. Mutations in this gene underlie tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS), characterized by fever, abdominal pain and other features. Mutations in this gene may also be associated with multiple sclerosis in human patients. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2016]

tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 11a, NFKB activator

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the TNF-receptor superfamily. This receptors can interact with various TRAF family proteins, through which this receptor induces the activation of NF-kappa B and MAPK8/JNK. This receptor and its ligand are important regulators of the interaction between T cells and dendritic cells. This receptor is also an essential mediator for osteoclast and lymph node development. Mutations at this locus have been associated with familial expansile osteolysis, autosomal recessive osteopetrosis, and Paget disease of bone. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described for this locus. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2012]

tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 11b

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the TNF-receptor superfamily. This protein is an osteoblast-secreted decoy receptor that functions as a negative regulator of bone resorption. This protein specifically binds to its ligand, osteoprotegerin ligand, both of which are key extracellular regulators of osteoclast development. Studies of the mouse counterpart also suggest that this protein and its ligand play a role in lymph-node organogenesis and vascular calcification. Alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene have been reported, but their full length nature has not been determined. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

tumor necrosis factor, alpha-induced protein 8-like 2

Predicted to be involved in negative regulation of T cell activation and negative regulation of inflammatory response. Predicted to be located in lysosome and nucleus. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tumor necrosis factor, alpha-induced protein 8-like 1

Enables identical protein binding activity. Predicted to be involved in negative regulation of TOR signaling. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tumor necrosis factor

This gene encodes a multifunctional proinflammatory cytokine that belongs to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily. This cytokine is mainly secreted by macrophages. It can bind to, and thus functions through its receptors TNFRSF1A/TNFR1 and TNFRSF1B/TNFBR. This cytokine is involved in the regulation of a wide spectrum of biological processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, lipid metabolism, and coagulation. This cytokine has been implicated in a variety of diseases, including autoimmune diseases, insulin resistance, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis ankylosing spondylitis, tuberculosis, autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, and cancer. Mutations in this gene affect susceptibility to cerebral malaria, septic shock, and Alzheimer disease. Knockout studies in mice also suggested the neuroprotective function of this cytokine. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2020]

tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily, member 9

The protein encoded by this gene is a cytokine that belongs to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) ligand family. This transmembrane cytokine is a bidirectional signal transducer that acts as a ligand for TNFRSF9/4-1BB, which is a costimulatory receptor molecule in T lymphocytes. This cytokine and its receptor are involved in the antigen presentation process and in the generation of cytotoxic T cells. The receptor TNFRSF9/4-1BB is absent from resting T lymphocytes but rapidly expressed upon antigenic stimulation. The ligand encoded by this gene, TNFSF9/4-1BBL, has been shown to reactivate anergic T lymphocytes in addition to promoting T lymphocyte proliferation. This cytokine has also been shown to be required for the optimal CD8 responses in CD8 T cells. This cytokine is expressed in carcinoma cell lines, and is thought to be involved in T cell-tumor cell interaction.[provided by RefSeq, Oct 2008]

tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily, member 4

This gene encodes a cytokine of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) ligand family. The encoded protein functions in T cell antigen-presenting cell (APC) interactions and mediates adhesion of activated T cells to endothelial cells. Polymorphisms in this gene have been associated with Sjogren's syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2014]

tumor necrosis factor, alpha-induced protein 8

Enables cysteine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity involved in apoptotic process. Involved in positive regulation of apoptotic process. Located in cytoplasm and nucleoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tumor necrosis factor, alpha-induced protein 6

The protein encoded by this gene is a secretory protein that contains a hyaluronan-binding domain, and thus is a member of the hyaluronan-binding protein family. The hyaluronan-binding domain is known to be involved in extracellular matrix stability and cell migration. This protein has been shown to form a stable complex with inter-alpha-inhibitor (I alpha I), and thus enhance the serine protease inhibitory activity of I alpha I, which is important in the protease network associated with inflammation. This gene can be induced by proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-1. Enhanced levels of this protein are found in the synovial fluid of patients with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.[provided by RefSeq, Dec 2010]

tumor necrosis factor, alpha-induced protein 1 (endothelial)

This gene was identified as a gene whose expression can be induced by the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) in umbilical vein endothelial cells. Studies of a similar gene in mouse suggest that the expression of this gene is developmentally regulated in a tissue-specific manner. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

tumor necrosis factor, alpha-induced protein 3

This gene was identified as a gene whose expression is rapidly induced by the tumor necrosis factor (TNF). The protein encoded by this gene is a zinc finger protein and ubiqitin-editing enzyme, and has been shown to inhibit NF-kappa B activation as well as TNF-mediated apoptosis. The encoded protein, which has both ubiquitin ligase and deubiquitinase activities, is involved in the cytokine-mediated immune and inflammatory responses. Several transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2012]

tumor necrosis factor, alpha-induced protein 2

This gene was identified as a gene whose expression can be induced by the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) in umbilical vein endothelial cells. The expression of this gene was shown to be induced by retinoic acid in a cell line expressing a oncogenic version of the retinoic acid receptor alpha fusion protein, which suggested that this gene may be a retinoic acid target gene in acute promyelocytic leukemia. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily, member 13

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) ligand family. This protein is a ligand for TNFRSF17/BCMA, a member of the TNF receptor family. This protein and its receptor are both found to be important for B cell development. In vitro experiments suggested that this protein may be able to induce apoptosis through its interaction with other TNF receptor family proteins such as TNFRSF6/FAS and TNFRSF14/HVEM. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. Some transcripts that skip the last exon of the upstream gene (TNFSF12) and continue into the second exon of this gene have been identified; such read-through transcripts are contained in GeneID 407977, TNFSF12-TNFSF13. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2010]

tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily, member 12

The protein encoded by this gene is a cytokine that belongs to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) ligand family. This protein is a ligand for the FN14/TWEAKR receptor. This cytokine has overlapping signaling functions with TNF, but displays a much wider tissue distribution. This cytokine, which exists in both membrane-bound and secreted forms, can induce apoptosis via multiple pathways of cell death in a cell type-specific manner. This cytokine is also found to promote proliferation and migration of endothelial cells, and thus acts as a regulator of angiogenesis. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. Some transcripts skip the last exon of this gene and continue into the second exon of the neighboring TNFSF13 gene; such read-through transcripts are contained in GeneID 407977, TNFSF12-TNFSF13. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2010]

tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily, member 11

This gene encodes a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) cytokine family which is a ligand for osteoprotegerin and functions as a key factor for osteoclast differentiation and activation. This protein was shown to be a dentritic cell survival factor and is involved in the regulation of T cell-dependent immune response. T cell activation was reported to induce expression of this gene and lead to an increase of osteoclastogenesis and bone loss. This protein was shown to activate antiapoptotic kinase AKT/PKB through a signaling complex involving SRC kinase and tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor (TRAF) 6, which indicated this protein may have a role in the regulation of cell apoptosis. Targeted disruption of the related gene in mice led to severe osteopetrosis and a lack of osteoclasts. The deficient mice exhibited defects in early differentiation of T and B lymphocytes, and failed to form lobulo-alveolar mammary structures during pregnancy. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily, member 10

The protein encoded by this gene is a cytokine that belongs to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) ligand family. This protein preferentially induces apoptosis in transformed and tumor cells, but does not appear to kill normal cells although it is expressed at a significant level in most normal tissues. This protein binds to several members of TNF receptor superfamily including TNFRSF10A/TRAILR1, TNFRSF10B/TRAILR2, TNFRSF10C/TRAILR3, TNFRSF10D/TRAILR4, and possibly also to TNFRSF11B/OPG. The activity of this protein may be modulated by binding to the decoy receptors TNFRSF10C/TRAILR3, TNFRSF10D/TRAILR4, and TNFRSF11B/OPG that cannot induce apoptosis. The binding of this protein to its receptors has been shown to trigger the activation of MAPK8/JNK, caspase 8, and caspase 3. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2010]

tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily, member 18

The protein encoded by this gene is a cytokine that belongs to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) ligand family. This cytokine is a ligand for receptor TNFRSF18/AITR/GITR. It has been shown to modulate T lymphocyte survival in peripheral tissues. This cytokine is also found to be expressed in endothelial cells, and is thought to be important for interaction between T lymphocytes and endothelial cells. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily, member 15

The protein encoded by this gene is a cytokine that belongs to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) ligand family. This protein is abundantly expressed in endothelial cells, but is not expressed in either B or T cells. The expression of this protein is inducible by TNF and IL-1 alpha. This cytokine is a ligand for receptor TNFRSF25 and decoy receptor TNFRSF21/DR6. It can activate NF-kappaB and MAP kinases, and acts as an autocrine factor to induce apoptosis in endothelial cells. This cytokine is also found to inhibit endothelial cell proliferation, and thus may function as an angiogenesis inhibitor. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2011]

tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily, member 14

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) ligand family. This protein is a ligand for TNFRSF14, which is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, and which is also known as a herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM). This protein may function as a costimulatory factor for the activation of lymphoid cells and as a deterrent to infection by herpesvirus. This protein has been shown to stimulate the proliferation of T cells, and trigger apoptosis of various tumor cells. This protein is also reported to prevent tumor necrosis factor alpha mediated apoptosis in primary hepatocyte. Two alternatively spliced transcript variant encoding distinct isoforms have been reported. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily, member 13b

The protein encoded by this gene is a cytokine that belongs to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) ligand family. This cytokine is a ligand for receptors TNFRSF13B/TACI, TNFRSF17/BCMA, and TNFRSF13C/BAFFR. This cytokine is expressed in B cell lineage cells, and acts as a potent B cell activator. It has been also shown to play an important role in the proliferation and differentiation of B cells. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2011]

tumor necrosis factor, alpha-induced protein 8-like 3

Predicted to enable phosphatidylinositol binding activity and phosphatidylinositol transfer activity. Predicted to be involved in 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate metabolic process; phospholipid transport; and positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade. Located in cytosol and nucleoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

C1q and tumor necrosis factor related protein 8

Involved in positive regulation of cell motility. Predicted to be located in extracellular region. Predicted to be part of collagen trimer. Predicted to be active in extracellular space. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

C1q and tumor necrosis factor related protein 9

Enables identical protein binding activity. Predicted to be involved in signal transduction. Predicted to be located in extracellular region. Predicted to be part of collagen trimer. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

C1q and tumor necrosis factor related protein 2

Predicted to enable identical protein binding activity and signaling receptor binding activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of lipid metabolic process. Predicted to act upstream of or within positive regulation of D-glucose import; positive regulation of MAPK cascade; and positive regulation of small molecule metabolic process. Predicted to be located in extracellular space. Predicted to be part of protein-containing complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

C1q and tumor necrosis factor related protein 3

Enables identical protein binding activity. Involved in several processes, including intracellular triglyceride homeostasis; negative regulation of non-canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction; and regulation of cytokine production. Acts upstream of or within negative regulation of gluconeogenesis. Located in extracellular exosome and membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

C1q and tumor necrosis factor related protein 1

Enables collagen binding activity. Involved in several processes, including negative regulation of platelet aggregation; positive regulation of aldosterone secretion; and positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration. Located in extracellular space and plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

C1q and tumor necrosis factor related protein 6

Enables identical protein binding activity. Predicted to be located in extracellular region and membrane. Predicted to be part of collagen trimer. Predicted to be active in extracellular space. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

C1q and tumor necrosis factor related protein 7

Predicted to enable identical protein binding activity. Predicted to be located in extracellular space. Predicted to be part of collagen trimer. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

C1q and tumor necrosis factor related protein 4

Predicted to enable cytokine activity. Involved in positive regulation of cytokine production and positive regulation of signal transduction. Located in extracellular space. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

C1q and tumor necrosis factor related protein 5

This gene encodes a member of a family of proteins that function as components of basement membranes and may play a role in cell adhesion. Mutations in this gene have been associated with late-onset retinal degeneration. The protein may be encoded by either a bicistronic transcript including sequence from the upstream membrane frizzled-related protein gene (MFRP), or by a monocistronic transcript expressed from an internal promoter. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2013]

tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily, member 8

The protein encoded by this gene is a cytokine that belongs to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) ligand family. This cytokine is a ligand for TNFRSF8/CD30, which is a cell surface antigen and a marker for Hodgkin lymphoma and related hematologic malignancies. The engagement of this cytokine expressed on B cell surface plays an inhibitory role in modulating Ig class switch. This cytokine was shown to enhance cell proliferation of some lymphoma cell lines, while to induce cell death and reduce cell proliferation of other lymphoma cell lines. The pleiotropic biologic activities of this cytokine on different CD30+ lymphoma cell lines may play a pathophysiologic role in Hodgkin's and some non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2011]

C1q and tumor necrosis factor related protein 9B

Predicted to enable hormone activity and identical protein binding activity. Predicted to act upstream of or within several processes, including negative regulation of cell size; positive regulation of cellular response to insulin stimulus; and positive regulation of protein serine/threonine kinase activity. Predicted to be located in extracellular space. Predicted to be part of collagen trimer. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

PWP2 periodic tryptophan protein homolog (yeast)

Enables RNA binding activity. Involved in ribosomal small subunit biogenesis. Part of small-subunit processome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

schizophrenia disorder 10 (periodic catatonia)

Nystagmus 5, infantile periodic alternating

periodic tryptophan protein 2 homolog

mouse mammary tumor virus receptor homolog 2

glioma tumor suppressor candidate region gene 1 protein-like

tumor protein p53 inducible protein 3

The protein encoded by this gene is similar to oxidoreductases, which are enzymes involved in cellular responses to oxidative stresses and irradiation. This gene is induced by the tumor suppressor p53 and is thought to be involved in p53-mediated cell death. It contains a p53 consensus binding site in its promoter region and a downstream pentanucleotide microsatellite sequence. P53 has been shown to transcriptionally activate this gene by interacting with the downstream pentanucleotide microsatellite sequence. The microsatellite is polymorphic, with a varying number of pentanucleotide repeats directly correlated with the extent of transcriptional activation by p53. It has been suggested that the microsatellite polymorphism may be associated with differential susceptibility to cancer. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, May 2011]

tumor suppressor candidate 2 pseudogene 1

tumor protein D52-like 2

This gene encodes a member of the tumor protein D52-like family. These proteins are characterized by an N-terminal coiled-coil motif that is used to form homo- and heteromeric complexes with other tumor protein D52-like proteins. Expression of this gene may be a marker for breast cancer and acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene, and a pseudogene of this gene is located on the long arm of chromosome 12. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2011]

tumor protein D52-like 3

This gene encodes a member of the tumor protein D52-like family of proteins. These proteins are characterized by an N-terminal coiled-coil motif that is used to form homo- and heteromeric complexes with other tumor protein D52-like proteins. The encoded protein may play a role in spermatogenesis. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2009]

tumor protein D52-like 1

This gene encodes a member of a family of proteins that contain coiled-coil domains and may form hetero- or homomers. The encoded protein is involved in cell proliferation and calcium signaling. It also interacts with the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 5 (MAP3K5/ASK1) and positively regulates MAP3K5-induced apoptosis. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants have been observed. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2016]

Myeloid leukemia-related gene (myeloid tumor suppressor)

tumor protein p63

This gene encodes a member of the p53 family of transcription factors. The functional domains of p53 family proteins include an N-terminal transactivation domain, a central DNA-binding domain and an oligomerization domain. Alternative splicing of this gene and the use of alternative promoters results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms that vary in their functional properties. These isoforms function during skin development and maintenance, adult stem/progenitor cell regulation, heart development and premature aging. Some isoforms have been found to protect the germline by eliminating oocytes or testicular germ cells that have suffered DNA damage. Mutations in this gene are associated with ectodermal dysplasia, and cleft lip/palate syndrome 3 (EEC3); split-hand/foot malformation 4 (SHFM4); ankyloblepharon-ectodermal defects-cleft lip/palate; ADULT syndrome (acro-dermato-ungual-lacrimal-tooth); limb-mammary syndrome; Rap-Hodgkin syndrome (RHS); and orofacial cleft 8. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

ovarian tumor suppressor candidate 2

Predicted to enable hydrolase activity. Involved in response to retinoic acid. Located in cytoplasm. Biomarker of ovarian cancer. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tumor protein p53 inducible protein 11

Predicted to be involved in negative regulation of cell population proliferation. Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This gene encodes a component of a ubiquitination complex. The encoded protein is involved in the ubiquitination and degradation of hypoxia-inducible-factor (HIF), which is a transcription factor that plays a central role in the regulation of gene expression by oxygen. In addition to oxygen-related gene expression, this protein plays a role in many other cellular processes including cilia formation, cytokine signaling, regulation of senescence, and formation of the extracellular matrix. Variants of this gene are associated with von Hippel-Lindau syndrome, pheochromocytoma, erythrocytosis, renal cell carcinoma, and cerebellar hemangioblastoma. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2022]

tumor protein p53 inducible protein 13

Involved in several processes, including negative regulation of cell cycle; response to UV; and response to xenobiotic stimulus. Located in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

glioma tumor suppressor candidate region gene 1

Enables transcription regulator activator activity. Involved in positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription. Located in nucleus. Part of SWI/SNF complex. Implicated in Coffin-Siris syndrome 12. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

glioma tumor suppressor candidate region gene 2

Enables 5S rRNA binding activity; identical protein binding activity; and p53 binding activity. Involved in several processes, including mitotic G2 DNA damage checkpoint signaling; regulation of intracellular signal transduction; and regulation of primary metabolic process. Located in cytosol; nuclear lumen; and rDNA heterochromatin. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tumor protein p53 binding protein 1

This gene encodes a protein that functions in the DNA double-strand break repair pathway choice, promoting non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) pathways, and limiting homologous recombination. This protein plays multiple roles in the DNA damage response, including promoting checkpoint signaling following DNA damage, acting as a scaffold for recruitment of DNA damage response proteins to damaged chromatin, and promoting NHEJ pathways by limiting end resection following a double-strand break. These roles are also important during V(D)J recombination, class switch recombination and at unprotected telomeres. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2017]

tumor protein p53 binding protein 2

This gene encodes a member of the ASPP (apoptosis-stimulating protein of p53) family of p53 interacting proteins. The protein contains four ankyrin repeats and an SH3 domain involved in protein-protein interactions. It is localized to the perinuclear region of the cytoplasm, and regulates apoptosis and cell growth through interactions with other regulatory molecules including members of the p53 family. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

male germ cell tumor

tumor protein p63 regulated 1

Predicted to be active in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

pituitary tumor-transforming 1 interacting protein

This gene encodes a single-pass type I integral membrane protein, which binds to pituitary tumor-transforming 1 protein (PTTG1), and facilitates translocation of PTTG1 into the nucleus. Coexpression of this protein and PTTG1 induces transcriptional activation of basic fibroblast growth factor. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2013]

Wilms tumor, aniridia, genitourinary anomalies and mental retardation syndrome

tumor protein p53 regulated apoptosis inducing protein 1

This gene is specifically expressed in the thymus, and encodes a protein that is localized to the mitochondrion. The expression of this gene is inducible by p53, and it is thought to play an important role in mediating p53-dependent apoptosis. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2011]

von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor-like

Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor protein is a component of an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex that selectively ubiquitinates the alpha subunit of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) transcription factor for proteasome-mediated degradation. Inactivation of VHL causes VHL disease and sporadic kidney cancer. This gene encodes a VHL homolog that lacks one of two key domains necessary for VHL function. This gene may contribute to the regulation of oxygen homeostasis and neovascularization during placenta development. This gene is intronless, and can also be interpreted as a retrotransposed pseudogene of the VHL locus located on chromosome 3. However, the protein is represented in this RefSeq due to evidence in PMID:14757845 that strongly suggests it is translated. The same publication also indicates that this protein binds HIF alpha but fails to recruit the E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, and it therefore functions as a dominant-negative VHL protein and a protector of HIF alpha. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2010]

tumor protein, translationally-controlled 1 pseudogene 14

tumor protein, translationally-controlled 1 pseudogene 13

H19 Opposite Tumor Suppressor

pituitary tumor-transforming 4 pseudogene

tumor protein, translationally-controlled 1 pseudogene 12

tumor protein, translationally-controlled 1 pseudogene 10

translationally-controlled tumor protein pseudogene

tumor protein p53 binding protein 2 pseudogene 1

bladder tumor susceptibility 1

tumor protein p53

This gene encodes a tumor suppressor protein containing transcriptional activation, DNA binding, and oligomerization domains. The encoded protein responds to diverse cellular stresses to regulate expression of target genes, thereby inducing cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, senescence, DNA repair, or changes in metabolism. Mutations in this gene are associated with a variety of human cancers, including hereditary cancers such as Li-Fraumeni syndrome. Alternative splicing of this gene and the use of alternate promoters result in multiple transcript variants and isoforms. Additional isoforms have also been shown to result from the use of alternate translation initiation codons from identical transcript variants (PMIDs: 12032546, 20937277). [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2016]

tumor protein p53 inducible nuclear protein 1

Predicted to enable antioxidant activity. Involved in autophagic cell death; positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription; and positive regulation of autophagy. Located in autophagosome; cytosol; and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tumor protein p53 inducible nuclear protein 2

The protein encoded by this gene promotes autophagy and is essential for proper autophagosome formation and processing. In addition, the encoded protein can enhance rDNA transcription by helping in the assembly of the POLR1/RNA polymerase I preinitiation complex. Finally, this protein serves as a transcriptional activator for some genes. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2016]

tumor protein, translationally-controlled 1 pseudogene 9

tumor protein p53 pathway corepressor 1 (non-protein coding)

Predicted to act upstream of or within negative regulation of gene expression. Predicted to be part of ribonucleoprotein complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

pituitary tumor-transforming 3, pseudogene

Predicted to enable SH3 domain binding activity. Predicted to be involved in homologous chromosome segregation. Predicted to be located in cytoplasm. Predicted to be active in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

Tumor suppressor gene on chromosome 11

tumor suppressor candidate 5

Predicted to be involved in endosome to plasma membrane protein transport and glucose import in response to insulin stimulus. Predicted to act upstream of or within establishment of localization in cell and vesicle fusion to plasma membrane. Predicted to be located in cytoplasmic vesicle membrane and plasma membrane. Predicted to be active in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tumor suppressor candidate 7 (non-protein coding)

tumor suppressor candidate 1

This gene is located within the region of chromosome 9p that harbors tumor suppressor genes critical in carcinogenesis. It is an intronless gene which is downregulated in non-small-cell lung cancer and small-cell lung cancer cell lines, suggesting that it may play a role in lung tumorigenesis. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

tumor suppressor candidate 2

Predicted to be involved in inflammatory response and regulation of mitochondrial membrane potential. Predicted to act upstream of or within several processes, including natural killer cell differentiation; neutrophil-mediated killing of gram-negative bacterium; and regulation of cytokine production. Predicted to be active in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tumor suppressor candidate 3

This gene encodes a protein that has been associated with several biological functions including cellular magnesium uptake, protein glycosylation and embryonic development. This protein localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum and acts as a component of the oligosaccharyl transferase complex which is responsible for N-linked protein glycosylation. This gene is a candidate tumor suppressor gene. Homozygous mutations in this gene are associated with autosomal recessive nonsyndromic mental retardation-7 and in the proliferation and invasiveness of several cancers including metastatic pancreatic cancer, ovarian cancer and glioblastoma multiform. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2017]

tumor suppressor candidate 8 (non-protein coding)

Enables miRNA inhibitor activity via base-pairing. Involved in lncRNA-mediated post-transcriptional gene silencing. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

T-cell tumor invasion and metastasis 1

large tumor suppressor kinase 2

This gene encodes a serine/threonine protein kinase belonging to the LATS tumor suppressor family. The protein localizes to centrosomes during interphase, and early and late metaphase. It interacts with the centrosomal proteins aurora-A and ajuba and is required for accumulation of gamma-tubulin and spindle formation at the onset of mitosis. It also interacts with a negative regulator of p53 and may function in a positive feedback loop with p53 that responds to cytoskeleton damage. Additionally, it can function as a co-repressor of androgen-responsive gene expression. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

large tumor suppressor kinase 1

The protein encoded by this gene is a putative serine/threonine kinase that localizes to the mitotic apparatus and complexes with cell cycle controller CDC2 kinase in early mitosis. The protein is phosphorylated in a cell-cycle dependent manner, with late prophase phosphorylation remaining through metaphase. The N-terminal region of the protein binds CDC2 to form a complex showing reduced H1 histone kinase activity, indicating a role as a negative regulator of CDC2/cyclin A. In addition, the C-terminal kinase domain binds to its own N-terminal region, suggesting potential negative regulation through interference with complex formation via intramolecular binding. Biochemical and genetic data suggest a role as a tumor suppressor. This is supported by studies in knockout mice showing development of soft-tissue sarcomas, ovarian stromal cell tumors and a high sensitivity to carcinogenic treatments. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2017]

prostate tumor overexpressed 1 pseudogene

tumor protein D52-like 2 pseudogene

cylindromatosis (turban tumor syndrome)

This gene is encodes a cytoplasmic protein with three cytoskeletal-associated protein-glycine-conserved (CAP-GLY) domains that functions as a deubiquitinating enzyme. Mutations in this gene have been associated with cylindromatosis, multiple familial trichoepithelioma, and Brooke-Spiegler syndrome. Alternate transcriptional splice variants, encoding different isoforms, have been characterized. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

tumor suppressor gene JST

Wilms tumor 1

This gene encodes a transcription factor that contains four zinc-finger motifs at the C-terminus and a proline/glutamine-rich DNA-binding domain at the N-terminus. It has an essential role in the normal development of the urogenital system, and it is mutated in a small subset of patients with Wilms tumor. This gene exhibits complex tissue-specific and polymorphic imprinting pattern, with biallelic, and monoallelic expression from the maternal and paternal alleles in different tissues. Multiple transcript variants have been described. In several variants, there is evidence for the use of a non-AUG (CUG) translation initiation codon upstream of, and in-frame with the first AUG. Authors of PMID:7926762 also provide evidence that WT1 mRNA undergoes RNA editing in human and rat, and that this process is tissue-restricted and developmentally regulated. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2015]

Wilms tumor 2

Wilms tumor-3

Wilms tumor-4

tumor protein D52

Enables calcium ion binding activity and protein homodimerization activity. Involved in B cell differentiation. Located in endoplasmic reticulum and perinuclear region of cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tumor susceptibility 101

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to a group of apparently inactive homologs of ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes. The gene product contains a coiled-coil domain that interacts with stathmin, a cytosolic phosphoprotein implicated in tumorigenesis. The protein may play a role in cell growth and differentiation and act as a negative growth regulator. In vitro steady-state expression of this tumor susceptibility gene appears to be important for maintenance of genomic stability and cell cycle regulation. Mutations and alternative splicing in this gene occur in high frequency in breast cancer and suggest that defects occur during breast cancer tumorigenesis and/or progression. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

Wilms tumor 1 interacting protein

Predicted to enable transcription corepressor activity. Involved in several processes, including miRNA-mediated gene silencing by inhibition of translation; negative regulation of hippo signaling; and response to hypoxia. Acts upstream of or within miRNA-mediated post-transcriptional gene silencing. Located in P-body. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tumor protein p73

This gene encodes a member of the p53 family of transcription factors involved in cellular responses to stress and development. It maps to a region on chromosome 1p36 that is frequently deleted in neuroblastoma and other tumors, and thought to contain multiple tumor suppressor genes. The demonstration that this gene is monoallelically expressed (likely from the maternal allele), supports the notion that it is a candidate gene for neuroblastoma. Many transcript variants resulting from alternative splicing and/or use of alternate promoters have been found for this gene, but the biological validity and the full-length nature of some variants have not been determined. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2011]

prostate tumor overexpressed 1

This gene encodes a protein that was found to be overexpressed in prostate adenocarcinomas. The encoded protein was found to interact with the lipid raft protein flotillin-1 and shuttle it from the cytoplasm to the nucleus in a cell cycle dependent manner. Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2015]

testicular germ cell tumor susceptibility 1

pituitary tumor-transforming 1

The encoded protein is a homolog of yeast securin proteins, which prevent separins from promoting sister chromatid separation. It is an anaphase-promoting complex (APC) substrate that associates with a separin until activation of the APC. The gene product has transforming activity in vitro and tumorigenic activity in vivo, and the gene is highly expressed in various tumors. The gene product contains 2 PXXP motifs, which are required for its transforming and tumorigenic activities, as well as for its stimulation of basic fibroblast growth factor expression. It also contains a destruction box (D box) that is required for its degradation by the APC. The acidic C-terminal region of the encoded protein can act as a transactivation domain. The gene product is mainly a cytosolic protein, although it partially localizes in the nucleus. Three transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2013]

pituitary tumor-transforming 2

Predicted to enable SH3 domain binding activity. Predicted to be involved in homologous chromosome segregation. Predicted to be located in cytoplasm. Predicted to be active in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tumor suppressing subtransferable candidate 4

This gene is one of several tumor-suppressing subtransferable fragments located in the imprinted gene domain of 11p15.5, an important tumor-suppressor gene region. Alterations in this region have been associated with the Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, Wilms tumor, rhabdomyosarcoma, adrenocortical carcinoma, and lung, ovarian, and breast cancer. This gene is located among several imprinted genes; however, this gene, as well as the pan-hematopoietic expression gene (PHEMX), escapes imprinting. This gene may play a role in malignancies and disease that involve this region. Several transcript variants encoding two different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2014]

tumor suppressing subtransferable candidate 2 pseudogene

tumor suppressing subtransferable candidate 1

This gene has been reported in PMID 9403053 as one of several tumor-suppressing subtransferable fragments located in the imprinted gene domain of 11p15.5, an important tumor-suppressor gene region. Alterations in this region have been associated with the Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, Wilms tumor, rhabdomyosarcoma, adrenocortical carcinoma, and lung, ovarian, and breast cancer. Alignment of this gene to genomic sequence data suggests that this gene resides on chromosome 2 rather than chromosome 11. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2008]

Insulinoma tumor suppressor gene locus

glioma tumor suppressor candidate region gene 2 pseudogene

tumor protein p63 regulated 1-like pseudogene

pituitary tumor-transforming 1 pseudogene

translationally-controlled tumor protein pseudogene

leucine zipper, putative tumor suppressor 2

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the leucine zipper tumor suppressor family of proteins, which function in transcription regulation and cell cycle control. This family member can repress beta-catenin-mediated transcriptional activation and is a negative regulator of the Wnt signaling pathway. It negatively regulates microtubule severing at centrosomes, and is necessary for central spindle formation and cytokinesis completion. It is implicated in cancer, where it may inhibit cell proliferation and decrease susceptibility to tumor development. Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2015]

leucine zipper, putative tumor suppressor family member 3

Predicted to enable PDZ domain binding activity. Predicted to be involved in protein homooligomerization; regulation of dendritic spine morphogenesis; and regulation of postsynapse assembly. Predicted to be located in postsynaptic density. Predicted to be active in dendritic spine and glutamatergic synapse. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

leucine zipper, putative tumor suppressor 1

This gene encodes a tumor suppressor protein that is ubiquitously expressed in normal tissues. In uveal melanomas, expression of this protein is silenced in rapidly metastasizing and metastatic tumor cells but has normal expression in slowly metastasizing or nonmetastasizing tumor cells. This protein may have a role in cell-cycle control by interacting with the Cdk1/cyclinB1 complex. This gene is located on chromosomal region 8p22. Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in the 8p arm is a common characteristic of many types of cancer. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2009]

tumor suppressor TSG1

probable tumor suppressor protein MN1

tumor protein, translationally-controlled 1 pseudogene 6

tumor protein p63 regulated 1-like

Predicted to enable calmodulin binding activity and identical protein binding activity. Predicted to be involved in presynaptic modulation of chemical synaptic transmission; regulation of glutamatergic synaptic transmission; and regulation of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Predicted to act upstream of or within calcineurin-NFAT signaling cascade; negative regulation of synaptic transmission; and synaptic vesicle docking. Located in extracellular exosome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tumor protein, translationally-controlled 1

This gene encodes a protein that is a regulator of cellular growth and proliferation. Its mRNA is highly structured and contains an oligopyrimidine tract (5'-TOP) in its 5' untranslated region that functions to repress its translation under quiescent conditions. The encoded protein is involved in a variety of cellular pathways, including apoptosis, protein synthesis and cell division. It binds to and stabilizes microtubules, and removal of this protein through phosphorylation is required for progression through mitotic and meiotic cell divisions. This gene is known to play a role in carcinogenesis, and is upregulated in some cancer cells. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2017]

tumor protein, translationally-controlled 1 pseudogene 8

Predicted to enable calcium ion binding activity. Predicted to be involved in apoptotic process. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

tumor protein, translationally-controlled 1 pseudogene 5

tumor protein, translationally-controlled 1 pseudogene 4

tumor protein, translationally-controlled 1 pseudogene 3

tumor protein, translationally-controlled 1 pseudogene 2

tumor protein, translationally-controlled 1 pseudogene 1

coagulation factor XII (Hageman factor)

This gene encodes coagulation factor XII which circulates in blood as a zymogen. This single chain zymogen is converted to a two-chain serine protease with an heavy chain (alpha-factor XIIa) and a light chain. The heavy chain contains two fibronectin-type domains, two epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like domains, a kringle domain and a proline-rich domain, whereas the light chain contains only a catalytic domain. On activation, further cleavages takes place in the heavy chain, resulting in the production of beta-factor XIIa light chain and the alpha-factor XIIa light chain becomes beta-factor XIIa heavy chain. Prekallikrein is cleaved by factor XII to form kallikrein, which then cleaves factor XII first to alpha-factor XIIa and then to beta-factor XIIa. The active factor XIIa participates in the initiation of blood coagulation, fibrinolysis, and the generation of bradykinin and angiotensin. It activates coagulation factors VII and XI. Defects in this gene do not cause any clinical symptoms and the sole effect is that whole-blood clotting time is prolonged. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

hypoxia inducible factor 1, alpha subunit (basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor) pseudogene 1

ADP-ribosylation factor guanine nucleotide-exchange factor 1 (brefeldin A-inhibited)

ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs) play an important role in intracellular vesicular trafficking. The protein encoded by this gene is involved in the activation of ARFs by accelerating replacement of bound GDP with GTP. It contains a Sec7 domain, which may be responsible for guanine-nucleotide exchange activity and also brefeldin A inhibition. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2011]

ADP-ribosylation factor guanine nucleotide-exchange factor 2 (brefeldin A-inhibited)

ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs) play an important role in intracellular vesicular trafficking. The protein encoded by this gene is involved in the activation of ARFs by accelerating replacement of bound GDP with GTP and is involved in Golgi transport. It contains a Sec7 domain, which may be responsible for its guanine-nucleotide exchange activity and also brefeldin A inhibition. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E nuclear import factor 1

The protein encoded by this gene is a nucleocytoplasmic shuttle protein for the translation initiation factor eIF4E. This shuttle protein interacts with the importin alpha-beta complex to mediate nuclear import of eIF4E. It is predominantly cytoplasmic; its own nuclear import is regulated by a nuclear localization signal and nuclear export signals. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2009]

coagulation factor III (thromboplastin, tissue factor) pseudogene

nuclear transport factor 2-like export factor 2

The protein encoded by this gene contains a nuclear transport factor 2 (NTF2) domain, which plays an important role in the trafficking of macromolecules, ions, and small molecules between the cytoplasm and nucleus. This protein may also have a role in mRNA nuclear export. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been noted for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2011]

nuclear transport factor 2-like export factor 1

The protein encoded by this gene is located in the nuclear envelope. It has protein similarity to nuclear transport factor 2. This protein functions as a nuclear export factor in both RAN (Ras-related nuclear protein)- and CRM1 (required for chromosome region maintenance)-dependent pathways. It is found to stimulate the export of U1 snRNA in RAN- and CRM1-dependent pathways and the export of tRNA and mRNA in a CRM1-independent pathway. The encoded protein heterodimerizes with Tap protein and may regulate the ability of Tap protein to mediate nuclear mRNA export. The use of alternate polyadenylation sites has been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

hypoxia inducible factor 1, alpha subunit (basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor)

This gene encodes the alpha subunit of transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), which is a heterodimer composed of an alpha and a beta subunit. HIF-1 functions as a master regulator of cellular and systemic homeostatic response to hypoxia by activating transcription of many genes, including those involved in energy metabolism, angiogenesis, apoptosis, and other genes whose protein products increase oxygen delivery or facilitate metabolic adaptation to hypoxia. HIF-1 thus plays an essential role in embryonic vascularization, tumor angiogenesis and pathophysiology of ischemic disease. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2011]

hepatocyte growth factor (hepapoietin A; scatter factor)

This gene encodes a protein that binds to the hepatocyte growth factor receptor to regulate cell growth, cell motility and morphogenesis in numerous cell and tissue types. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants, at least one of which encodes a preproprotein that is proteolytically processed to generate alpha and beta chains, which form the mature heterodimer. This protein is secreted by mesenchymal cells and acts as a multi-functional cytokine on cells of mainly epithelial origin. This protein also plays a role in angiogenesis, tumorogenesis, and tissue regeneration. Although the encoded protein is a member of the peptidase S1 family of serine proteases, it lacks peptidase activity. Mutations in this gene are associated with nonsyndromic hearing loss. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2015]

E74-like factor 1 (ets domain transcription factor)

This gene encodes an E26 transformation-specific related transcription factor. The encoded protein is primarily expressed in lymphoid cells and acts as both an enhancer and a repressor to regulate transcription of various genes. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2009]

E74-like factor 3 (ets domain transcription factor, epithelial-specific )

Enables DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specific and sequence-specific double-stranded DNA binding activity. Involved in inflammatory response; negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription; and positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Located in Golgi apparatus; cytosol; and nucleoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

E74-like factor 2 (ets domain transcription factor)

Enables DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific and sequence-specific double-stranded DNA binding activity. Involved in negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription; positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription; and regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Located in cytosol and nuclear body. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

E74-like factor 5 (ets domain transcription factor)

This gene encodes an epithelium-specific ETS family transcription factor. In addition to its role in regulating the later stages of terminal differentiation of keratinocytes, it appears to regulate a number of epithelium-specific genes found in tissues containing glandular epithelium such as salivary gland and prostate. It has very low affinity to DNA due to its negative regulatory domain at the amino terminus. This gene has been implicated as a tumor suppressive transcription factor in breast cancer. [provided by RefSeq, May 2022]

E74-like factor 4 (ets domain transcription factor)

The protein encoded by this gene is a transcriptional activator that binds and activates the promoters of the CSF2, IL3, IL8, and PRF1 genes. The encoded protein is involved in natural killer cell development and function, innate immunity, and induction of cell cycle arrest in naive CD8+ cells. Two transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene.[provided by RefSeq, Jan 2010]

serum response factor (c-fos serum response element-binding transcription factor)

This gene encodes a ubiquitous nuclear protein that stimulates both cell proliferation and differentiation. It is a member of the MADS (MCM1, Agamous, Deficiens, and SRF) box superfamily of transcription factors. This protein binds to the serum response element (SRE) in the promoter region of target genes. This protein regulates the activity of many immediate-early genes, for example c-fos, and thereby participates in cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, cell growth, and cell differentiation. This gene is the downstream target of many pathways; for example, the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway (MAPK) that acts through the ternary complex factors (TCFs). Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, May 2014]

c-fos induced growth factor (vascular endothelial growth factor D)

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the platelet-derived growth factor/vascular endothelial growth factor (PDGF/VEGF) family and is active in angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, and endothelial cell growth. This secreted protein undergoes a complex proteolytic maturation, generating multiple processed forms which bind and activate VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3 receptors. This protein is structurally and functionally similar to vascular endothelial growth factor C. Read-through transcription has been observed between this locus and the upstream PIR (GeneID 8544) locus. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2011]

macrophage migration inhibitory factor (glycosylation-inhibiting factor)

This gene encodes a lymphokine involved in cell-mediated immunity, immunoregulation, and inflammation. It plays a role in the regulation of macrophage function in host defense through the suppression of anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids. This lymphokine and the JAB1 protein form a complex in the cytosol near the peripheral plasma membrane, which may indicate an additional role in integrin signaling pathways. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

coagulation factor III (thromboplastin, tissue factor)

This gene encodes coagulation factor III which is a cell surface glycoprotein. This factor enables cells to initiate the blood coagulation cascades, and it functions as the high-affinity receptor for the coagulation factor VII. The resulting complex provides a catalytic event that is responsible for initiation of the coagulation protease cascades by specific limited proteolysis. Unlike the other cofactors of these protease cascades, which circulate as nonfunctional precursors, this factor is a potent initiator that is fully functional when expressed on cell surfaces, for example, on monocytes. There are 3 distinct domains of this factor: extracellular, transmembrane, and cytoplasmic. Platelets and monocytes have been shown to express this coagulation factor under procoagulatory and proinflammatory stimuli, and a major role in HIV-associated coagulopathy has been described. Platelet-dependent monocyte expression of coagulation factor III has been described to be associated with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) severity and mortality. This protein is the only one in the coagulation pathway for which a congenital deficiency has not been described. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants.[provided by RefSeq, Aug 2020]

coagulation factor V (proaccelerin, labile factor)

This gene encodes an essential cofactor of the blood coagulation cascade. This factor circulates in plasma, and is converted to the active form by the release of the activation peptide by thrombin during coagulation. This generates a heavy chain and a light chain which are held together by calcium ions. The activated protein is a cofactor that participates with activated coagulation factor X to activate prothrombin to thrombin. Defects in this gene result in either an autosomal recessive hemorrhagic diathesis or an autosomal dominant form of thrombophilia, which is known as activated protein C resistance. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2008]

nuclear factor I/C (CCAAT-binding transcription factor)

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the CTF/NF-I family. These are dimeric DNA-binding proteins, and function as cellular transcription factors and as replication factors for adenovirus DNA replication. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2011]

nuclear factor I/X (CCAAT-binding transcription factor)

The protein encoded by this gene is a transcription factor that binds the palindromic sequence 5'-TTGGCNNNNNGCCAA-3 in viral and cellular promoters. The encoded protein can also stimulate adenovirus replication in vitro. Three transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2012]

insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor

This gene encodes a receptor for both insulin-like growth factor 2 and mannose 6-phosphate. The binding sites for each ligand are located on different segments of the protein. This receptor has various functions, including in the intracellular trafficking of lysosomal enzymes, the activation of transforming growth factor beta, and the degradation of insulin-like growth factor 2. Mutation or loss of heterozygosity of this gene has been association with risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. The orthologous mouse gene is imprinted and shows exclusive expression from the maternal allele; however, imprinting of the human gene may be polymorphic, as only a minority of individuals showed biased expression from the maternal allele (PMID:8267611). [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2015]

opioid growth factor receptor

The protein encoded by this gene is a receptor for opioid growth factor (OGF), also known as [Met(5)]-enkephalin. OGF is a negative regulator of cell proliferation and tissue organization in a variety of processes. The encoded unbound receptor for OGF has been localized to the outer nuclear envelope, where it binds OGF and is translocated into the nucleus. The coding sequence of this gene contains a polymorphic region of 60 nt tandem imperfect repeat units. Several transcripts containing between zero and eight repeat units have been reported. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ligand dependent nuclear receptor interacting factor 1

Predicted to enable nuclear retinoic acid receptor binding activity. Involved in dosage compensation by inactivation of X chromosome. Located in centriolar satellite; chromosome, telomeric region; and nuclear lumen. Implicated in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy 3. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

nuclear receptor binding factor 2 pseudogene 5

colony stimulating factor 1 receptor

The protein encoded by this gene is the receptor for colony stimulating factor 1, a cytokine which controls the production, differentiation, and function of macrophages. This receptor mediates most if not all of the biological effects of this cytokine. Ligand binding activates the receptor kinase through a process of oligomerization and transphosphorylation. The encoded protein is a tyrosine kinase transmembrane receptor and member of the CSF1/PDGF receptor family of tyrosine-protein kinases. Mutations in this gene have been associated with a predisposition to myeloid malignancy. The first intron of this gene contains a transcriptionally inactive ribosomal protein L7 processed pseudogene oriented in the opposite direction. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. Expression of a splice variant from an LTR promoter has been found in Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), HL cell lines and anaplastic large cell lymphoma. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2017]

epidermal growth factor receptor pathway substrate 15-like 1

Enables cadherin binding activity. Predicted to be involved in endosomal transport and synaptic vesicle endocytosis. Located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

coagulation factor II (thrombin) receptor-like 3

This gene encodes a member of the protease-activated receptor subfamily, part of the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family of proteins. The encoded receptor is proteolytically processed to reveal an extracellular N-terminal tethered ligand that binds to and activates the receptor. This receptor plays a role in blood coagulation, inflammation and response to pain. Hypomethylation at this gene may be associated with lung cancer in human patients. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2016]

coagulation factor II (thrombin) receptor-like 2

This gene encodes a member of the protease-activated receptor (PAR) family which is a subfamily of the seven transmembrane G protein-coupled cell surface receptor family. The encoded protein acts as a cofactor in the thrombin-mediated cleavage and activation of the protease-activated receptor family member PAR4. The encoded protein plays an essential role in hemostasis and thrombosis. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants that encode different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2012]

coagulation factor II (thrombin) receptor-like 1

This gene encodes a member of the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family of proteins. The encoded cell surface receptor is activated through proteolytic cleavage of its extracellular amino terminus, resulting in a new amino terminus that acts as a tethered ligand that binds to an extracellular loop domain. Activation of the receptor has been shown to stimulate vascular smooth muscle relaxation, dilate blood vessels, increase blood flow, and lower blood pressure. This protein is also important in the inflammatory response, as well as innate and adaptive immunity. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2016]

fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 pseudogene 5

growth factor receptor-bound protein 10

The product of this gene belongs to a small family of adapter proteins that are known to interact with a number of receptor tyrosine kinases and signaling molecules. This gene encodes a growth factor receptor-binding protein that interacts with insulin receptors and insulin-like growth-factor receptors. Overexpression of some isoforms of the encoded protein inhibits tyrosine kinase activity and results in growth suppression. This gene is imprinted in a highly isoform- and tissue-specific manner, with expression observed from the paternal allele in the brain, and from the maternal allele in the placental trophoblasts. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2010]

growth factor receptor-bound protein 14

The product of this gene belongs to a small family of adapter proteins that are known to interact with a number of receptor tyrosine kinases and signaling molecules. This gene encodes a growth factor receptor-binding protein that interacts with insulin receptors and insulin-like growth-factor receptors. This protein likely has an inhibitory effect on receptor tyrosine kinase signaling and, in particular, on insulin receptor signaling. This gene may play a role in signaling pathways that regulate growth and metabolism. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2014]

colony stimulating factor 2 receptor, beta, low-affinity (granulocyte-macrophage)

The protein encoded by this gene is the common beta chain of the high affinity receptor for IL-3, IL-5 and CSF. Defects in this gene have been reported to be associated with protein alveolar proteinosis (PAP). [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

colony stimulating factor 2 receptor, alpha, low-affinity (granulocyte-macrophage)

The protein encoded by this gene is the alpha subunit of the heterodimeric receptor for colony stimulating factor 2, a cytokine which controls the production, differentiation, and function of granulocytes and macrophages. The encoded protein is a member of the cytokine family of receptors. This gene is found in the pseudoautosomal region (PAR) of the X and Y chromosomes. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene, with some of the isoforms being membrane-bound and others being soluble. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

nuclear receptor binding factor 2 pseudogene 4

opioid growth factor receptor-like 1

Predicted to enable opioid growth factor receptor activity. Predicted to be located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

opioid growth factor receptor pseudogene

nerve growth factor receptor

Nerve growth factor receptor contains an extracellular domain containing four 40-amino acid repeats with 6 cysteine residues at conserved positions followed by a serine/threonine-rich region, a single transmembrane domain, and a 155-amino acid cytoplasmic domain. The cysteine-rich region contains the nerve growth factor binding domain. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

fibroblast growth factor receptor substrate 3

This gene encodes a substrate for the fibroblast growth factor receptor. The encoded protein is found in the peripheral plasma membrane and links fibroblast growth factor receptor stimulation to activators of Ras. The encoded protein down-regulates extracellular regulated kinase 2 through direct binding. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2013]

fibroblast growth factor receptor substrate 2

Enables fibroblast growth factor receptor binding activity and neurotrophin TRKA receptor binding activity. Involved in negative regulation of cardiac muscle cell differentiation. Acts upstream of or within fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway. Located in adherens junction. Biomarker of renal cell carcinoma. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

platelet-derived growth factor receptor, beta polypeptide

The protein encoded by this gene is a cell surface tyrosine kinase receptor for members of the platelet-derived growth factor family. These growth factors are mitogens for cells of mesenchymal origin. The identity of the growth factor bound to a receptor monomer determines whether the functional receptor is a homodimer (PDGFB or PDGFD) or a heterodimer (PDGFA and PDGFB). This gene is essential for normal development of the cardiovascular system and aids in rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton. This gene is flanked on chromosome 5 by the genes for granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and macrophage-colony stimulating factor receptor; all three genes may be implicated in the 5-q syndrome. A translocation between chromosomes 5 and 12, that fuses this gene to that of the ETV6 gene, results in chronic myeloproliferative disorder with eosinophilia. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2017]

platelet-derived growth factor receptor, alpha polypeptide

This gene encodes a cell surface tyrosine kinase receptor for members of the platelet-derived growth factor family. These growth factors are mitogens for cells of mesenchymal origin. The identity of the growth factor bound to a receptor monomer determines whether the functional receptor is a homodimer or a heterodimer, composed of both platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha and beta polypeptides. Studies suggest that this gene plays a role in organ development, wound healing, and tumor progression. Mutations in this gene have been associated with idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome, somatic and familial gastrointestinal stromal tumors, and a variety of other cancers. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2012]

platelet-derived growth factor receptor-like

This gene encodes a protein with significant sequence similarity to the ligand binding domain of platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta. Mutations in this gene, or deletion of a chromosomal segment containing this gene, are associated with sporadic hepatocellular carcinomas, colorectal cancers, and non-small cell lung cancers. This suggests this gene product may function as a tumor suppressor. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

coagulation factor II (thrombin) receptor

Coagulation factor II receptor is a 7-transmembrane receptor involved in the regulation of thrombotic response. Proteolytic cleavage leads to the activation of the receptor. F2R is a G-protein coupled receptor family member. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2015]

autocrine motility factor receptor, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase

This locus encodes a glycosylated transmembrane receptor. Its ligand, autocrine motility factor, is a tumor motility-stimulating protein secreted by tumor cells. The encoded receptor is also a member of the E3 ubiquitin ligase family of proteins. It catalyzes ubiquitination and endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation of specific proteins. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2012]

colony stimulating factor 3 receptor (granulocyte)

The protein encoded by this gene is the receptor for colony stimulating factor 3, a cytokine that controls the production, differentiation, and function of granulocytes. The encoded protein, which is a member of the family of cytokine receptors, may also function in some cell surface adhesion or recognition processes. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described. Mutations in this gene are a cause of Kostmann syndrome, also known as severe congenital neutropenia. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2010]

transforming growth factor, beta receptor 1 pseudogene

epidermal growth factor receptor pathway substrate 15

This gene encodes a protein that is part of the EGFR pathway. The protein is present at clatherin-coated pits and is involved in receptor-mediated endocytosis of EGF. Notably, this gene is rearranged with the HRX/ALL/MLL gene in acute myelogeneous leukemias. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, May 2009]

cytokine receptor-like factor 3 pseudogene

cytokine receptor-like factor 3 pseudogene

nuclear receptor binding factor 2 pseudogene 1

nuclear receptor binding factor 2 pseudogene 3

nuclear receptor binding factor 2 pseudogene 2

cubilin (intrinsic factor-cobalamin receptor)

Cubilin (CUBN) acts as a receptor for intrinsic factor-vitamin B12 complexes. The role of receptor is supported by the presence of 27 CUB domains. Cubulin is located within the epithelium of intestine and kidney. Mutations in CUBN may play a role in autosomal recessive megaloblastic anemia. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

transforming growth factor, beta receptor II (70/80kDa)

The protein encoded by this gene is a transmembrane protein that has a protein kinase domain, forms a heterodimeric complex with TGF-beta receptor type-1, and binds TGF-beta. This receptor/ligand complex phosphorylates proteins, which then enter the nucleus and regulate the transcription of genes related to cell proliferation, cell cycle arrest, wound healing, immunosuppression, and tumorigenesis. Mutations in this gene have been associated with Marfan Syndrome, Loeys-Deitz Aortic Aneurysm Syndrome, and the development of various types of tumors. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been characterized. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2017]

transforming growth factor, beta receptor 1

The protein encoded by this gene forms a heteromeric complex with type II TGF-beta receptors when bound to TGF-beta, transducing the TGF-beta signal from the cell surface to the cytoplasm. The encoded protein is a serine/threonine protein kinase. Mutations in this gene have been associated with Loeys-Dietz aortic aneurysm syndrome (LDAS). Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2008]

epidermal growth factor receptor pathway substrate 8

This gene encodes a member of the EPS8 family. This protein contains one PH domain and one SH3 domain. It functions as part of the EGFR pathway, though its exact role has not been determined. Highly similar proteins in other organisms are involved in the transduction of signals from Ras to Rac and growth factor-mediated actin remodeling. Alternate transcriptional splice variants of this gene have been observed but have not been thoroughly characterized. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

fibroblast growth factor receptor 4

The protein encoded by this gene is a tyrosine kinase and cell surface receptor for fibroblast growth factors. The encoded protein is involved in the regulation of several pathways, including cell proliferation, cell differentiation, cell migration, lipid metabolism, bile acid biosynthesis, vitamin D metabolism, glucose uptake, and phosphate homeostasis. This protein consists of an extracellular region, composed of three immunoglobulin-like domains, a single hydrophobic membrane-spanning segment, and a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase domain. The extracellular portion interacts with fibroblast growth factors, setting in motion a cascade of downstream signals, ultimately influencing mitogenesis and differentiation. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2017]

fibroblast growth factor receptor 2

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the fibroblast growth factor receptor family, where amino acid sequence is highly conserved between members and throughout evolution. FGFR family members differ from one another in their ligand affinities and tissue distribution. A full-length representative protein consists of an extracellular region, composed of three immunoglobulin-like domains, a single hydrophobic membrane-spanning segment and a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase domain. The extracellular portion of the protein interacts with fibroblast growth factors, setting in motion a cascade of downstream signals, ultimately influencing mitogenesis and differentiation. This particular family member is a high-affinity receptor for acidic, basic and/or keratinocyte growth factor, depending on the isoform. Mutations in this gene are associated with Crouzon syndrome, Pfeiffer syndrome, Craniosynostosis, Apert syndrome, Jackson-Weiss syndrome, Beare-Stevenson cutis gyrata syndrome, Saethre-Chotzen syndrome, and syndromic craniosynostosis. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been noted for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2009]

fibroblast growth factor receptor 3

This gene encodes a member of the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) family, with its amino acid sequence being highly conserved between members and among divergent species. FGFR family members differ from one another in their ligand affinities and tissue distribution. A full-length representative protein would consist of an extracellular region, composed of three immunoglobulin-like domains, a single hydrophobic membrane-spanning segment and a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase domain. The extracellular portion of the protein interacts with fibroblast growth factors, setting in motion a cascade of downstream signals, ultimately influencing mitogenesis and differentiation. This particular family member binds acidic and basic fibroblast growth hormone and plays a role in bone development and maintenance. Mutations in this gene lead to craniosynostosis and multiple types of skeletal dysplasia. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2017]

fibroblast growth factor receptor 1

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) family, where amino acid sequence is highly conserved between members and throughout evolution. FGFR family members differ from one another in their ligand affinities and tissue distribution. A full-length representative protein consists of an extracellular region, composed of three immunoglobulin-like domains, a single hydrophobic membrane-spanning segment and a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase domain. The extracellular portion of the protein interacts with fibroblast growth factors, setting in motion a cascade of downstream signals, ultimately influencing mitogenesis and differentiation. This particular family member binds both acidic and basic fibroblast growth factors and is involved in limb induction. Mutations in this gene have been associated with Pfeiffer syndrome, Jackson-Weiss syndrome, Antley-Bixler syndrome, osteoglophonic dysplasia, and autosomal dominant Kallmann syndrome 2. Chromosomal aberrations involving this gene are associated with stem cell myeloproliferative disorder and stem cell leukemia lymphoma syndrome. Alternatively spliced variants which encode different protein isoforms have been described; however, not all variants have been fully characterized. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

NMDA receptor synaptonuclear signaling and neuronal migration factor

The protein encoded by this gene is involved in guidance of olfactory axon projections and migration of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone neurons. Defects in this gene are a cause of idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH). Several transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, May 2010]

nuclear receptor binding factor 2

Involved in autophagy. Located in cytoplasm and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex, class III. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

cytokine receptor-like factor 3 pseudogene

platelet-activating factor receptor

This gene encodes a seven-transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptor for platelet-activating factor (PAF) that localizes to lipid rafts and/or caveolae in the cell membrane. PAF (1-0-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine) is a phospholipid that plays a significant role in oncogenic transformation, tumor growth, angiogenesis, metastasis, and pro-inflammatory processes. Binding of PAF to the PAF-receptor (PAFR) stimulates numerous signal transduction pathways including phospholipase C, D, A2, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), and the phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system. Following PAFR activation, cells become rapidly desensitized and this refractory state is dependent on PAFR phosphorylation, internalization, and down-regulation. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2011]

nuclear receptor binding factor 2 pseudogene

fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 pseudogene 6

fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 pseudogene 4

fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 pseudogene 3

fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 pseudogene 2

fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 pseudogene 1

epidermal growth factor receptor

The protein encoded by this gene is a transmembrane glycoprotein that is a member of the protein kinase superfamily. This protein is a receptor for members of the epidermal growth factor family. EGFR is a cell surface protein that binds to epidermal growth factor, thus inducing receptor dimerization and tyrosine autophosphorylation leading to cell proliferation. Mutations in this gene are associated with lung cancer. EGFR is a component of the cytokine storm which contributes to a severe form of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) resulting from infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2020]

transforming growth factor, beta receptor III

This locus encodes the transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta type III receptor. The encoded receptor is a membrane proteoglycan that often functions as a co-receptor with other TGF-beta receptor superfamily members. Ectodomain shedding produces soluble TGFBR3, which may inhibit TGFB signaling. Decreased expression of this receptor has been observed in various cancers. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified for this gene.[provided by RefSeq, Sep 2010]

colony stimulating factor 2 receptor, beta, low-affinity (granulocyte-macrophage) pseudogene 1

fibroblast growth factor receptor-like 1

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) family, where amino acid sequence is highly conserved between members and throughout evolution. FGFR family members differ from one another in their ligand affinities and tissue distribution. A full-length representative protein would consist of an extracellular region, composed of three immunoglobulin-like domains, a single hydrophobic membrane-spanning segment and a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase domain. The extracellular portion of the protein interacts with fibroblast growth factors, setting in motion a cascade of downstream signals, ultimately influencing mitogenesis and differentiation. A marked difference between this gene product and the other family members is its lack of a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase domain. The result is a transmembrane receptor that could interact with other family members and potentially inhibit signaling. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same isoform have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

cytokine receptor-like factor 2

This gene encodes a member of the type I cytokine receptor family. The encoded protein is a receptor for thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP). Together with the interleukin 7 receptor (IL7R), the encoded protein and TSLP activate STAT3, STAT5, and JAK2 pathways, which control processes such as cell proliferation and development of the hematopoietic system. Rearrangement of this gene with immunoglobulin heavy chain gene (IGH) on chromosome 14, or with P2Y purinoceptor 8 gene (P2RY8) on the same X or Y chromosomes is associated with B-progenitor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and Down syndrome ALL. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2014]

cytokine receptor-like factor 3

This gene encodes a cytokine receptor-like factor that may negatively regulate cell cycle progression at the G0/G1 phase. Studies of the related rat protein suggest that it may regulate neuronal morphology and synaptic vesicle biogenesis. This gene is one of several genes located in the neurofibromatosis type I tumor suppressor region on the q arm of chromosome 17, a region that is subject to microdeletions, duplications, chromosomal breaks and rearrangements. Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants. Related pseudogenes have been identified on chromosomes 2 and 5. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2012]

cytokine receptor-like factor 1

This gene encodes a member of the cytokine type I receptor family. The protein forms a secreted complex with cardiotrophin-like cytokine factor 1 and acts on cells expressing ciliary neurotrophic factor receptors. The complex can promote survival of neuronal cells. Mutations in this gene result in Crisponi syndrome and cold-induced sweating syndrome. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2009]

epidermal growth factor receptor pathway substrate 15 pseudogene 1

growth factor receptor-bound protein 2

The protein encoded by this gene binds the epidermal growth factor receptor and contains one SH2 domain and two SH3 domains. Its two SH3 domains direct complex formation with proline-rich regions of other proteins, and its SH2 domain binds tyrosine phosphorylated sequences. This gene is similar to the Sem5 gene of C.elegans, which is involved in the signal transduction pathway. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

growth factor receptor-bound protein 7

The product of this gene belongs to a small family of adapter proteins that are known to interact with a number of receptor tyrosine kinases and signaling molecules. This gene encodes a growth factor receptor-binding protein that interacts with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and ephrin receptors. The protein plays a role in the integrin signaling pathway and cell migration by binding with focal adhesion kinase (FAK). Several transcript variants encoding two different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2011]

transforming growth factor, beta receptor III-like

Predicted to enable glycosaminoglycan binding activity; transforming growth factor beta receptor activity; and type II transforming growth factor beta receptor binding activity. Predicted to contribute to transforming growth factor beta binding activity. Predicted to be involved in several processes, including epithelial to mesenchymal transition; regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway; and transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to be located in plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

cubilin (intrinsic factor-cobalamin receptor) pseudogene 2

cubilin (intrinsic factor-cobalamin receptor) pseudogene 3

cubilin (intrinsic factor-cobalamin receptor) pseudogene 1

ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor

This gene encodes a member of the type 1 cytokine receptor family. The encoded protein is the ligand-specific component of a tripartite receptor for ciliary neurotrophic factor, which plays a critical role in neuronal cell survival, differentiation and gene expression. Binding of ciliary neurotrophic factor to the encoded protein recruits the transmembrane components of the receptor, gp130 and leukemia inhibitory factor receptor, facilitating signal transduction. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in this gene may be associated with variations in muscle strength, as well as early onset of eating disorders. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, May 2011]

opioid growth factor receptor pseudogene 1

insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor

This receptor binds insulin-like growth factor with a high affinity. It has tyrosine kinase activity. The insulin-like growth factor I receptor plays a critical role in transformation events. Cleavage of the precursor generates alpha and beta subunits. It is highly overexpressed in most malignant tissues where it functions as an anti-apoptotic agent by enhancing cell survival. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, May 2014]

leukemia inhibitory factor receptor alpha

This gene encodes a protein that belongs to the type I cytokine receptor family. This protein combines with a high-affinity converter subunit, gp130, to form a receptor complex that mediates the action of the leukemia inhibitory factor, a polyfunctional cytokine that is involved in cellular differentiation, proliferation and survival in the adult and the embryo. Mutations in this gene cause Schwartz-Jampel syndrome type 2, a disease belonging to the group of the bent-bone dysplasias. A translocation that involves the promoter of this gene, t(5;8)(p13;q12) with the pleiomorphic adenoma gene 1, is associated with salivary gland pleiomorphic adenoma, a common type of benign epithelial tumor of the salivary gland. Multiple splice variants encoding two different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2018]

low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 8, apolipoprotein e receptor

This gene encodes a member of the low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) family. Low density lipoprotein receptors are cell surface proteins that play roles in both signal transduction and receptor-mediated endocytosis of specific ligands for lysosomal degradation. The encoded protein plays a critical role in the migration of neurons during development by mediating Reelin signaling, and also functions as a receptor for the cholesterol transport protein apolipoprotein E. Expression of this gene may be a marker for major depressive disorder. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2011]

receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2

The protein encoded by this gene is a receptor protein tyrosine kinase and type I transmembrane protein that belongs to the ROR subfamily of cell surface receptors. The protein may be involved in the early formation of the chondrocytes and may be required for cartilage and growth plate development. Mutations in this gene can cause brachydactyly type B, a skeletal disorder characterized by hypoplasia/aplasia of distal phalanges and nails. In addition, mutations in this gene can cause the autosomal recessive form of Robinow syndrome, which is characterized by skeletal dysplasia with generalized limb bone shortening, segmental defects of the spine, brachydactyly, and a dysmorphic facial appearance. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 1

This gene encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor that modulates neurite growth in the central nervous system. The encoded protein is a glycosylated type I membrane protein that belongs to the ROR subfamily of cell surface receptors. It is a pseudokinase that lacks catalytic activity and may interact with the non-canonical Wnt signalling pathway. This gene is highly expressed during early embryonic development but expressed at very low levels in adult tissues. Increased expression of this gene is associated with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2012]

nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 1 (glucocorticoid receptor)

This gene encodes glucocorticoid receptor, which can function both as a transcription factor that binds to glucocorticoid response elements in the promoters of glucocorticoid responsive genes to activate their transcription, and as a regulator of other transcription factors. This receptor is typically found in the cytoplasm, but upon ligand binding, is transported into the nucleus. It is involved in inflammatory responses, cellular proliferation, and differentiation in target tissues. Mutations in this gene are associated with generalized glucocorticoid resistance. Alternative splicing of this gene results in transcript variants encoding either the same or different isoforms. Additional isoforms resulting from the use of alternate in-frame translation initiation sites have also been described, and shown to be functional, displaying diverse cytoplasm-to-nucleus trafficking patterns and distinct transcriptional activities (PMID:15866175). [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2011]

melanocortin 1 receptor (alpha melanocyte stimulating hormone receptor)

This intronless gene encodes the receptor protein for melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH). The encoded protein, a seven pass transmembrane G protein coupled receptor, controls melanogenesis. Two types of melanin exist: red pheomelanin and black eumelanin. Gene mutations that lead to a loss in function are associated with increased pheomelanin production, which leads to lighter skin and hair color. Eumelanin is photoprotective but pheomelanin may contribute to UV-induced skin damage by generating free radicals upon UV radiation. Binding of MSH to its receptor activates the receptor and stimulates eumelanin synthesis. This receptor is a major determining factor in sun sensitivity and is a genetic risk factor for melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer. Over 30 variant alleles have been identified which correlate with skin and hair color, providing evidence that this gene is an important component in determining normal human pigment variation. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

insulin receptor-related receptor

Enables transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activity. Involved in actin cytoskeleton organization; cellular response to alkaline pH; and protein autophosphorylation. Part of receptor complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

G protein-coupled receptor 37 (endothelin receptor type B-like)

This gene is a member of the G protein-coupled receptor family. The encoded protein contains seven transmembrane domains and is found in cell and endoplasmic reticulum membranes. G protein-coupled receptors are involved in translating outside signals into G protein mediated intracellular effects. This gene product interacts with Parkin and is involved in juvenile Parkinson disease. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2012]

SHQ1, H/ACA ribonucleoprotein assembly factor pseudogene 1

ADP-ribosylation factor pseudogene

complement factor H

This gene is a member of the Regulator of Complement Activation (RCA) gene cluster and encodes a protein with twenty short consensus repeat (SCR) domains. This protein is secreted into the bloodstream and has an essential role in the regulation of complement activation, restricting this innate defense mechanism to microbial infections. Mutations in this gene have been associated with hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) and chronic hypocomplementemic nephropathy. Alternate transcriptional splice variants, encoding different isoforms, have been characterized. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2011]

complement factor I

This gene encodes a serine proteinase that is essential for regulating the complement cascade. The encoded preproprotein is cleaved to produce both heavy and light chains, which are linked by disulfide bonds to form a heterodimeric glycoprotein. This heterodimer can cleave and inactivate the complement components C4b and C3b, and it prevents the assembly of the C3 and C5 convertase enzymes. Defects in this gene cause complement factor I deficiency, an autosomal recessive disease associated with a susceptibility to pyogenic infections. Mutations in this gene have been associated with a predisposition to atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome, a disease characterized by acute renal failure, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia. Primary glomerulonephritis with immune deposits and age-related macular degeneration are other conditions associated with mutations of this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2015]

complement factor D (adipsin)

This gene encodes a member of the S1, or chymotrypsin, family of serine peptidases. This protease catalyzes the cleavage of factor B, the rate-limiting step of the alternative pathway of complement activation. This protein also functions as an adipokine, a cell signaling protein secreted by adipocytes, which regulates insulin secretion in mice. Mutations in this gene underlie complement factor D deficiency, which is associated with recurrent bacterial meningitis infections in human patients. Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants. At least one of these variants encodes a preproprotein that is proteolytically processed to generate the mature protease. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2015]

complement factor B

This gene encodes complement factor B, a component of the alternative pathway of complement activation. Factor B circulates in the blood as a single chain polypeptide. Upon activation of the alternative pathway, it is cleaved by complement factor D yielding the noncatalytic chain Ba and the catalytic subunit Bb. The active subunit Bb is a serine protease which associates with C3b to form the alternative pathway C3 convertase. Bb is involved in the proliferation of preactivated B lymphocytes, while Ba inhibits their proliferation. This gene localizes to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class III region on chromosome 6. This cluster includes several genes involved in regulation of the immune reaction. Polymorphisms in this gene are associated with a reduced risk of age-related macular degeneration. The polyadenylation site of this gene is 421 bp from the 5' end of the gene for complement component 2. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

complement factor properdin

This gene encodes a plasma glycoprotein that positively regulates the alternative complement pathway of the innate immune system. This protein binds to many microbial surfaces and apoptotic cells and stabilizes the C3- and C5-convertase enzyme complexes in a feedback loop that ultimately leads to formation of the membrane attack complex and lysis of the target cell. Mutations in this gene result in two forms of properdin deficiency, which results in high susceptibility to meningococcal infections. Multiple alternatively spliced variants, encoding the same protein, have been identified.[provided by RefSeq, Feb 2009]

eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3, subunit E pseudogene 3

eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3, subunit E pseudogene 2

eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3, subunit E pseudogene 1

SET binding factor 1 pseudogene 1

eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E family member 1B

Predicted to enable RNA 7-methylguanosine cap binding activity and translation initiation factor activity. Predicted to be involved in translational initiation. Predicted to be located in cytoplasm. Predicted to be part of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4F complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

Krueppel-like factor 17

Predicted to enable DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific and RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Predicted to be located in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

myeloid-derived growth factor

The protein encoded by this gene was previously thought to support proliferation of lymphoid cells and was considered an interleukin. However, this activity has not been reproducible and the function of this protein is currently unknown. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

general transcription factor IIIA pseudogene 1

general transcription factor IIIA pseudogene 6

general transcription factor IIIA pseudogene 4

general transcription factor IIIA pseudogene 5

teratocarcinoma-derived growth factor 1

This gene encodes an epidermal growth factor-related protein that contains a cripto, FRL-1, and cryptic domain. The encoded protein is an extracellular, membrane-bound signaling protein that plays an essential role in embryonic development and tumor growth. Mutations in this gene are associated with forebrain defects. Pseudogenes of this gene are found on chromosomes 2, 3, 6, 8, 19 and X. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2010]

eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3, subunit F pseudogene

leukemia inhibitory factor

The protein encoded by this gene is a pleiotropic cytokine with roles in several different systems. It is involved in the induction of hematopoietic differentiation in normal and myeloid leukemia cells, induction of neuronal cell differentiation, regulator of mesenchymal to epithelial conversion during kidney development, and may also have a role in immune tolerance at the maternal-fetal interface. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2012]

heat shock transcription factor family, X linked 2

Predicted to enable DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific and RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Located in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ADP-ribosylation factor-like 17A pseudogene

phospholipase A2, group VII (platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase, plasma)

The protein encoded by this gene is a secreted enzyme that catalyzes the degradation of platelet-activating factor to biologically inactive products. Defects in this gene are a cause of platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase deficiency. Two transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene.[provided by RefSeq, Dec 2009]

general transcription factor IIF, polypeptide 2 pseudogene 1

general transcription factor IIF, polypeptide 2 pseudogene 2

VGF nerve growth factor inducible

This gene is specifically expressed in a subpopulation of neuroendocrine cells, and is upregulated by nerve growth factor. The structural organization of this gene is similar to that of the rat gene, and both the translated and the untranslated regions show a high degree of sequence similarity to the rat gene. The encoded secretory protein also shares similarities with the secretogranin/chromogranin family, however, its exact function is not known. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3, subunit E pseudogene 4

interleukin enhancer binding factor 3, 90kDa

This gene encodes a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) binding protein that complexes with other proteins, dsRNAs, small noncoding RNAs, and mRNAs to regulate gene expression and stabilize mRNAs. This protein (NF90, ILF3) forms a heterodimer with a 45 kDa transcription factor (NF45, ILF2) required for T-cell expression of interleukin 2. This complex has been shown to affect the redistribution of nuclear mRNA to the cytoplasm. Knockdown of NF45 or NF90 protein retards cell growth, possibly by inhibition of mRNA stabilization. In contrast, an isoform (NF110) of this gene that is predominantly restricted to the nucleus has only minor effects on cell growth when its levels are reduced. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms.[provided by RefSeq, Dec 2014]

interleukin enhancer binding factor 2

The protein encoded by this gene is a transcription factor required for T-cell expression of the interleukin 2 gene. It also binds RNA and is an essential component for encapsidation and protein priming of hepatitis B viral polymerase. The encoded 45 kDa protein (NF45, ILF2) forms a complex with the 90 kDa interleukin enhancer-binding factor 3 (NF90, ILF3), and this complex has been shown to affect the redistribution of nuclear mRNA to the cytoplasm, to repair DNA breaks by nonhomologous end joining, and to negatively regulate the microRNA processing pathway. Knockdown of NF45 or NF90 protein retards cell growth, possibly by inhibition of mRNA stabilization. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. Related pseudogenes have been found on chromosomes 3 and 14. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2014]

eukaryotic translation termination factor 1 pseudogene

scaffold attachment factor B

This gene encodes a DNA-binding protein which has high specificity for scaffold or matrix attachment region DNA elements (S/MAR DNA). This protein is thought to be involved in attaching the base of chromatin loops to the nuclear matrix but there is conflicting evidence as to whether this protein is a component of chromatin or a nuclear matrix protein. Scaffold attachment factors are a specific subset of nuclear matrix proteins (NMP) that specifically bind to S/MAR. The encoded protein is thought to serve as a molecular base to assemble a 'transcriptosome complex' in the vicinity of actively transcribed genes. It is involved in the regulation of heat shock protein 27 transcription, can act as an estrogen receptor co-repressor and is a candidate for breast tumorigenesis. This gene is arranged head-to-head with a similar gene whose product has the same functions. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.[provided by RefSeq, Jan 2011]

LIM homeobox transcription factor 1, alpha

This gene encodes a homeodomain and LIM-domain containing protein. The encoded protein is a transcription factor that acts as a positive regulator of insulin gene transcription. This gene also plays a role in the development of dopamine producing neurons during embryogenesis. Mutations in this gene are associated with an increased risk of developing Parkinson's disease. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2012]

LIM homeobox transcription factor 1, beta

This gene encodes a member of LIM-homeodomain family of proteins containing two N-terminal zinc-binding LIM domains, 1 homeodomain, and a C-terminal glutamine-rich domain. It functions as a transcription factor, and is essential for the normal development of dorsal limb structures, the glomerular basement membrane, the anterior segment of the eye, and dopaminergic and serotonergic neurons. Mutations in this gene are associated with nail-patella syndrome. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2010]

NIF3 NGG1 interacting factor 3-like 1 (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene

U2 small nuclear RNA auxiliary factor 1-like 4

Predicted to enable pre-mRNA 3'-splice site binding activity. Predicted to be involved in mRNA splicing, via spliceosome. Predicted to be located in nucleoplasm. Predicted to be part of U2AF complex and spliceosomal complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 9 pseudogene 1

eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2, subunit 3 gamma, 52kDa pseudogene

splicing factor 45-like

general transcription factor II, i pseudogene

eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 2 pseudogene

eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4H pseudogene 1

eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E pseudogene 1

odd-skipped related transciption factor 1

Enables sequence-specific double-stranded DNA binding activity. Involved in negative regulation of transporter activity; positive regulation of gastrulation; and pronephros development. Located in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

hes family bHLH transcription factor 1

This protein belongs to the basic helix-loop-helix family of transcription factors. It is a transcriptional repressor of genes that require a bHLH protein for their transcription. The protein has a particular type of basic domain that contains a helix interrupting protein that binds to the N-box rather than the canonical E-box. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 1 pseudogene

E2F transcription factor 6 pseudogene 3

E2F transcription factor 6 pseudogene 2

E2F transcription factor 6 pseudogene 1

E2F transcription factor 6 pseudogene 4

Fas (TNFRSF6) binding factor 1

Involved in apical junction assembly and establishment of epithelial cell polarity. Acts upstream of or within cilium assembly. Located in apical junction complex and cytoskeleton. Part of ciliary transition fiber. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

transcription factor AP-4 (activating enhancer binding protein 4)

Transcription factors of the basic helix-loop-helix-zipper (bHLH-ZIP) family contain a basic domain, which is used for DNA binding, and HLH and ZIP domains, which are used for oligomerization. Transcription factor AP4 activates both viral and cellular genes by binding to the symmetrical DNA sequence CAGCTG (Mermod et al., 1988 [PubMed 2833704]; Hu et al., 1990 [PubMed 2123466]).[supplied by OMIM, Jul 2009]

ADP-ribosylation factor 6 pseudogene

small EDRK-rich factor 2

Involved in protein destabilization. Predicted to be located in cytosol and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

WNT inhibitory factor 1

The protein encoded by this gene functions to inhibit WNT proteins, which are extracellular signaling molecules that play a role in embryonic development. This protein contains a WNT inhibitory factor (WIF) domain and five epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like domains, and is thought to be involved in mesoderm segmentation. This gene functions as a tumor suppressor gene, and has been found to be epigenetically silenced in various cancers. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2010]

Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) 5

Members of the RAS (see HRAS; MIM 190020) subfamily of GTPases function in signal transduction as GTP/GDP-regulated switches that cycle between inactive GDP- and active GTP-bound states. Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), such as RAPGEF5, serve as RAS activators by promoting acquisition of GTP to maintain the active GTP-bound state and are the key link between cell surface receptors and RAS activation (Rebhun et al., 2000 [PubMed 10934204]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) 6

Enables several functions, including GTP-dependent protein binding activity; guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity; and phosphatidic acid binding activity. Involved in microvillus assembly; positive regulation of GTPase activity; and protein localization to plasma membrane. Located in several cellular components, including apical plasma membrane; centrosome; and endocytic vesicle. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) 1

This gene encodes a human guanine nucleotide exchange factor. It transduces signals from CRK by binding the SH3 domain of CRK, and activating several members of the Ras family of GTPases. This signaling cascade that may be involved in apoptosis, integrin-mediated signal transduction, and cell transformation. Several alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene have been described, but the full-length nature of some variants has not been determined. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) 2

Members of the RAS (see HRAS; MIM 190020) subfamily of GTPases function in signal transduction as GTP/GDP-regulated switches that cycle between inactive GDP- and active GTP-bound states. Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), such as RAPGEF2, serve as RAS activators by promoting acquisition of GTP to maintain the active GTP-bound state and are the key link between cell surface receptors and RAS activation (Rebhun et al., 2000 [PubMed 10934204]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) 3

Enables guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity and protein domain specific binding activity. Involved in several processes, including Rap protein signal transduction; cellular response to cAMP; and regulation of syncytium formation by plasma membrane fusion. Located in several cellular components, including filopodium; lamellipodium; and microvillus. Implicated in nicotine dependence. Biomarker of congestive heart failure. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

transcription elongation factor B (SIII), polypeptide 1 pseudogene 24

transcription elongation factor B (SIII), polypeptide 1 pseudogene 22

eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha 2 pseudogene

eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 beta 2 pseudogene 4

eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 beta 2 pseudogene 7

BMS1 ribosome biogenesis factor pseudogene

telomeric repeat binding factor 2, interacting protein pseudogene

allograft inflammatory factor 1

This gene encodes a protein that binds actin and calcium. This gene is induced by cytokines and interferon and may promote macrophage activation and growth of vascular smooth muscle cells and T-lymphocytes. Polymorphisms in this gene may be associated with systemic sclerosis. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants, but the full-length and coding nature of some of these variants is not certain. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2016]

small EDRK-rich factor 2 pseudogene

nuclear RNA export factor 2B

This gene encodes a member of a family of nuclear RNA export proteins. The encoded protein is associated with the nuclear envelope and aids in the export of mRNAs. There is a closely related paralog of this gene located adjacent on chromosome X and on the opposite strand. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2015]

replication termination factor 2 domain containing 1

Enables DNA binding activity. Involved in cellular response to hydroxyurea and regulation of DNA stability. Located in replication fork. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor subunit 5-like

eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha 1

This gene encodes an isoform of the alpha subunit of the elongation factor-1 complex, which is responsible for the enzymatic delivery of aminoacyl tRNAs to the ribosome. This isoform (alpha 1) is expressed in brain, placenta, lung, liver, kidney, and pancreas, and the other isoform (alpha 2) is expressed in brain, heart and skeletal muscle. This isoform is identified as an autoantigen in 66% of patients with Felty syndrome. This gene has been found to have multiple copies on many chromosomes, some of which, if not all, represent different pseudogenes. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha 2

This gene encodes an isoform of the alpha subunit of the elongation factor-1 complex, which is responsible for the enzymatic delivery of aminoacyl tRNAs to the ribosome. This isoform (alpha 2) is expressed in brain, heart and skeletal muscle, and the other isoform (alpha 1) is expressed in brain, placenta, lung, liver, kidney, and pancreas. This gene may be critical in the development of ovarian cancer. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2014]

chondroitin polymerizing factor

Enables N-acetylgalactosaminyl-proteoglycan 3-beta-glucuronosyltransferase activity and glucuronosyl-N-acetylgalactosaminyl-proteoglycan 4-beta-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activity. Involved in chondroitin sulfate biosynthetic process and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic process, polysaccharide chain biosynthetic process. Predicted to be located in Golgi membrane. Predicted to be active in Golgi apparatus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

nuclear transport factor 2 pseudogene 8

nuclear transport factor 2 pseudogene 2

nuclear transport factor 2 pseudogene 6

nuclear transport factor 2 pseudogene 7

nuclear transport factor 2 pseudogene 4

replication factor C (activator 1) 2, 40kDa

This gene encodes a member of the activator 1 small subunits family. The elongation of primed DNA templates by DNA polymerase delta and epsilon requires the action of the accessory proteins, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and replication factor C (RFC). Replication factor C, also called activator 1, is a protein complex consisting of five distinct subunits. This gene encodes the 40 kD subunit, which has been shown to be responsible for binding ATP and may help promote cell survival. Disruption of this gene is associated with Williams syndrome. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been described. A pseudogene of this gene has been defined on chromosome 2. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2013]

eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3, subunit F pseudogene 1

eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3, subunit F pseudogene 2

eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3, subunit F pseudogene 3

nuclear transcription factor Y, gamma

This gene encodes one subunit of a trimeric complex forming a highly conserved transcription factor that binds with high specificity to CCAAT motifs in the promoters of a variety of genes. The encoded protein, subunit C, forms a tight dimer with the B subunit, a prerequisite for subunit A association. The resulting trimer binds to DNA with high specificity and affinity. Subunits B and C each contain a histone-like motif. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2008]

nuclear transcription factor Y, beta

The protein encoded by this gene is one subunit of a trimeric complex, forming a highly conserved transcription factor that binds with high specificity to CCAAT motifs in the promoter regions in a variety of genes. This gene product, subunit B, forms a tight dimer with the C subunit, a prerequisite for subunit A association. The resulting trimer binds to DNA with high specificity and affinity. Subunits B and C each contain a histone-like motif. Observation of the histone nature of these subunits is supported by two types of evidence; protein sequence alignments and experiments with mutants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

nuclear transcription factor Y, alpha

The protein encoded by this gene is one subunit of a trimeric complex, forming a highly conserved transcription factor that binds to CCAAT motifs in the promoter regions in a variety of genes. Subunit A associates with a tight dimer composed of the B and C subunits, resulting in a trimer that binds to DNA with high specificity and affinity. The sequence specific interactions of the complex are made by the A subunit, suggesting a role as the regulatory subunit. In addition, there is evidence of post-transcriptional regulation in this gene product, either by protein degradation or control of translation. Further regulation is represented by alternative splicing in the glutamine-rich activation domain, with clear tissue-specific preferences for the two isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 1

This gene encodes one member of a family of translation repressor proteins. The protein directly interacts with eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E), which is a limiting component of the multisubunit complex that recruits 40S ribosomal subunits to the 5' end of mRNAs. Interaction of this protein with eIF4E inhibits complex assembly and represses translation. This protein is phosphorylated in response to various signals including UV irradiation and insulin signaling, resulting in its dissociation from eIF4E and activation of mRNA translation. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 3

This gene encodes a member of the EIF4EBP family, which consists of proteins that bind to eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E and regulate its assembly into EIF4F, the multi-subunit translation initiation factor that recognizes the mRNA cap structure. Read-through transcription from the neighboring upstream gene (MASK or ANKHD1) generates a transcript (MASK-BP3) that encodes a protein comprised of the MASK protein sequence for the majority of the protein and a different C-terminus due to an alternate reading frame for the EIF4EBP3 segments. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2010]

myeloid leukemia factor 2 pseudogene

cleavage and polyadenylation specific factor 3-like

The Integrator complex contains at least 12 subunits and associates with the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II large subunit (POLR2A; MIM 180660) and mediates the 3-prime end processing of small nuclear RNAs U1 (RNU1; MIM 180680) and U2 (RNU2; MIM 180690). INTS11, or CPSF3L, is the catalytic subunit of the Integrator complex (Baillat et al., 2005 [PubMed 16239144]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha 1 pseudogene 19

eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha 1 pseudogene 18

eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha 1 pseudogene 10

eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha 1 pseudogene 15

E2F transcription factor 3 pseudogene 2

E2F transcription factor 3 pseudogene 1

nuclear RNA export factor 5 pseudogene

general transcription factor IIH, polypeptide 3, 34kDa

This gene encodes a member of the TFB4 family. The encoded protein is a subunit of the core-TFIIH basal transcription factor and localizes to the nucleus. The encoded protein is involved in RNA transcription by RNA polymerase II and nucleotide excision repair and associates with the Cdk-activating kinase complex. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. A related pseudogene has been identified on chromosome 14. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2012]

general transcription factor IIH, polypeptide 2, 44kDa

This gene is part of a 500 kb inverted duplication on chromosome 5q13. This duplicated region contains at least four genes and repetitive elements which make it prone to rearrangements and deletions. The repetitiveness and complexity of the sequence have also caused difficulty in determining the organization of this genomic region. This gene is within the telomeric copy of the duplication. Deletion of this gene sometimes accompanies deletion of the neighboring SMN1 gene in spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) patients but it is unclear if deletion of this gene contributes to the SMA phenotype. This gene encodes the 44 kDa subunit of RNA polymerase II transcription initiation factor IIH which is involved in basal transcription and nucleotide excision repair. Transcript variants for this gene have been described, but their full length nature has not been determined. A second copy of this gene within the centromeric copy of the duplication has been described in the literature. It is reported to be different by either two or four base pairs; however, no sequence data is currently available for the centromeric copy of the gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

general transcription factor IIH, polypeptide 1, 62kDa

Enables nuclear thyroid hormone receptor binding activity. Involved in positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription and transcription initiation at RNA polymerase II promoter. Located in nucleoplasm. Part of transcription factor TFIIH core complex and transcription factor TFIIH holo complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

general transcription factor IIH, polypeptide 5

This gene encodes a subunit of transcription/repair factor TFIIH, which functions in gene transcription and DNA repair. This protein stimulates ERCC3/XPB ATPase activity to trigger DNA opening during DNA repair, and is implicated in regulating cellular levels of TFIIH. Mutations in this gene result in trichothiodystrophy, complementation group A. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2009]

general transcription factor IIH, polypeptide 4, 52kDa

Enables RNA polymerase II general transcription initiation factor activity. Involved in transcription by RNA polymerase II. Located in nuclear speck. Part of core TFIIH complex portion of holo TFIIH complex and transcription factor TFIID complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

basic transcription factor 3 pseudogene 8

basic transcription factor 3 pseudogene 4

basic transcription factor 3 pseudogene 7

basic transcription factor 3, pseudogene 1

basic transcription factor 3, pseudogene 3

transcription initiation factor TFIID subunit 4-like

replication timing regulatory factor 1

This gene encodes a protein that shares homology with the yeast teleomere binding protein, Rap1 interacting factor 1. This protein localizes to aberrant telomeres may be involved in DNA repair. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2010]

pescadillo ribosomal biogenesis factor 1 pseudogene 2

Ets2 repressor factor

ETS2 is a transcription factor and protooncogene involved in development, apoptosis, and the regulation of telomerase. The protein encoded by this gene binds to the ETS2 promoter and is a strong repressor of ETS2 transcription. Several transcript variants encoding two different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2015]

small EDRK-rich factor 2 pseudogene

ubiquitination factor E4A (UFD2 homolog, yeast) pseudogene

dynein assembly factor with WDR repeat domains 1

Predicted to enable ubiquitin-like ligase-substrate adaptor activity. Predicted to be involved in protein polyubiquitination. Predicted to act upstream of with a positive effect on outer dynein arm assembly. Predicted to act upstream of or within with a positive effect on intraciliary transport. Predicted to act upstream of or within several processes, including cerebrospinal fluid circulation; determination of left/right symmetry; and heart development. Predicted to be located in ciliary basal body. Predicted to be part of SCF ubiquitin ligase complex. Implicated in primary ciliary dyskinesia. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

coagulation factor XIII, B polypeptide

This gene encodes coagulation factor XIII B subunit. Coagulation factor XIII is the last zymogen to become activated in the blood coagulation cascade. Plasma factor XIII is a heterotetramer composed of 2 A subunits and 2 B subunits. The A subunits have catalytic function, and the B subunits do not have enzymatic activity and may serve as a plasma carrier molecules. Platelet factor XIII is comprised only of 2 A subunits, which are identical to those of plasma origin. Upon activation by the cleavage of the activation peptide by thrombin and in the presence of calcium ion, the plasma factor XIII dissociates its B subunits and yields the same active enzyme, factor XIIIa, as platelet factor XIII. This enzyme acts as a transglutaminase to catalyze the formation of gamma-glutamyl-epsilon-lysine crosslinking between fibrin molecules, thus stabilizing the fibrin clot. Factor XIII deficiency is classified into two categories: type I deficiency, characterized by the lack of both the A and B subunits; and type II deficiency, characterized by the lack of the A subunit alone. These defects can result in a lifelong bleeding tendency, defective wound healing, and habitual abortion. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

nuclear prelamin A recognition factor-like

Predicted to enable 4 iron, 4 sulfur cluster binding activity and metal ion binding activity. Involved in several processes, including intracellular oxygen homeostasis; iron-sulfur cluster assembly; and response to hypoxia. Part of cytosolic [4Fe-4S] assembly targeting complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha 1 pseudogene 35

eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha 1 pseudogene 31

eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha 1 pseudogene 33

eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha 1 pseudogene 39

eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha 1 pseudogene 38

telomeric repeat-binding factor 1 pseudogene

eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit A-like

peroxisomal biogenesis factor 11 gamma

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the PEX11 family. This family is reported to regulate the number and size of peroxisomes in evolutionarily distant organisms. The protein encoded by this gene may induce clustering of peroxisomes. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants that encode different protein isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2012]

nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, beta

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the NF-kappa-B inhibitor family, which inhibit NF-kappa-B by complexing with, and trapping it in the cytoplasm. Phosphorylation of serine residues on these proteins by kinases marks them for destruction via the ubiquitination pathway, thereby allowing activation of the NF-kappa-B, which translocates to the nucleus to function as a transcription factor. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene.[provided by RefSeq, Jul 2011]

nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, delta

Predicted to enable NF-kappaB binding activity. Predicted to be involved in T cell receptor signaling pathway; positive regulation of T-helper 17 cell differentiation; and regulation of gene expression. Predicted to act upstream of or within several processes, including negative regulation of T cell differentiation in thymus; negative regulation of canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction; and positive regulation of thymocyte apoptotic process. Predicted to be active in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, epsilon

The protein encoded by this gene binds to components of NF-kappa-B, trapping the complex in the cytoplasm and preventing it from activating genes in the nucleus. Phosphorylation of the encoded protein targets it for destruction by the ubiquitin pathway, which activates NF-kappa-B by making it available to translocate to the nucleus. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2011]

nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, zeta

This gene is a member of the ankyrin-repeat family and is induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The C-terminal portion of the encoded product which contains the ankyrin repeats, shares high sequence similarity with the I kappa B family of proteins. The latter are known to play a role in inflammatory responses to LPS by their interaction with NF-B proteins through ankyrin-repeat domains. Studies in mouse indicate that this gene product is one of the nuclear I kappa B proteins and an activator of IL-6 production. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

platelet derived growth factor C

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the platelet-derived growth factor family. The four members of this family are mitogenic factors for cells of mesenchymal origin and are characterized by a core motif of eight cysteines. This gene product appears to form only homodimers. It differs from the platelet-derived growth factor alpha and beta polypeptides in having an unusual N-terminal domain, the CUB domain. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2010]

vav 1 guanine nucleotide exchange factor

This gene is a member of the VAV gene family. The VAV proteins are guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) for Rho family GTPases that activate pathways leading to actin cytoskeletal rearrangements and transcriptional alterations. The encoded protein is important in hematopoiesis, playing a role in T-cell and B-cell development and activation. The encoded protein has been identified as the specific binding partner of Nef proteins from HIV-1. Coexpression and binding of these partners initiates profound morphological changes, cytoskeletal rearrangements and the JNK/SAPK signaling cascade, leading to increased levels of viral transcription and replication. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2012]

vav 3 guanine nucleotide exchange factor

This gene is a member of the VAV gene family. The VAV proteins are guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) for Rho family GTPases that activate pathways leading to actin cytoskeletal rearrangements and transcriptional alterations. This gene product acts as a GEF preferentially for RhoG, RhoA, and to a lesser extent, RAC1, and it associates maximally with the nucleotide-free states of these GTPases. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

vav 2 guanine nucleotide exchange factor

VAV2 is the second member of the VAV guanine nucleotide exchange factor family of oncogenes. Unlike VAV1, which is expressed exclusively in hematopoietic cells, VAV2 transcripts were found in most tissues. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2008]

crooked neck pre-mRNA splicing factor 1

The crooked neck (crn) gene of Drosophila is essential for embryogenesis and is thought to be involved in cell cycle progression and pre-mRNA splicing. A protein encoded by this human locus has been found to localize to pre-mRNA splicing complexes in the nucleus and is necessary for pre-mRNA splicing. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2013]

RAB guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) 1

RABGEF1 forms a complex with rabaptin-5 (RABPT5; MIM 603616) that is required for endocytic membrane fusion, and it serves as a specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for RAB5 (RAB5A; MIM 179512) (Horiuchi et al., 1997 [PubMed 9323142]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2010]

transcription factor E2F6 pseudogene

von Willebrand factor

This gene encodes a glycoprotein involved in hemostasis. The encoded preproprotein is proteolytically processed following assembly into large multimeric complexes. These complexes function in the adhesion of platelets to sites of vascular injury and the transport of various proteins in the blood. Mutations in this gene result in von Willebrand disease, an inherited bleeding disorder. An unprocessed pseudogene has been found on chromosome 22. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2015]

ADP-ribosylation factor-like 4 pseudogene 2

ADP-ribosylation factor 4 pseudogene 5

ADP-ribosylation factor 4 pseudogene 4

ADP-ribosylation factor 4 pseudogene 1

ADP-ribosylation factor 4 pseudogene 3

ADP-ribosylation factor 4 pseudogene 2

doublesex and mab-3 related transcription factor 1

This gene is found in a cluster with two other members of the gene family, having in common a zinc finger-like DNA-binding motif (DM domain). The DM domain is an ancient, conserved component of the vertebrate sex-determining pathway that is also a key regulator of male development in flies and nematodes. This gene exhibits a gonad-specific and sexually dimorphic expression pattern. Defective testicular development and XY feminization occur when this gene is hemizygous. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

doublesex and mab-3 related transcription factor 2

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the DMRT gene family, sharing a DM DNA-binding domain with Drosophila 'doublesex' (dsx) and C. elegans mab3, genes involved in sex determination in these organisms. Also, this gene is located in a region of the human genome (chromosome 9p24.3) associated with gonadal dysgenesis and XY sex reversal. Hence this gene is one of the candidates for sex-determining gene(s) on chr 9. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2010]

doublesex and mab-3 related transcription factor 3

Enables sequence-specific double-stranded DNA binding activity. Predicted to be involved in male sex differentiation and regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Predicted to act upstream of or within several processes, including adult walking behavior; regulation of odontogenesis of dentin-containing tooth; and ventral spinal cord interneuron specification. Predicted to be located in chromatin. Predicted to be active in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

cytochrome c oxidase assembly factor 1 homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene

telomeric repeat-binding factor 1 pseudogene

Spi-C transcription factor (Spi-1/PU.1 related) pseudogene

SYF2 pre-mRNA-splicing factor pseudogene 2

SYF2 pre-mRNA-splicing factor pseudogene 1

eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A-like 1

Predicted to enable translation elongation factor activity. Predicted to be involved in translational elongation. Predicted to be located in endoplasmic reticulum membrane and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

fibroblast growth factor 1 (acidic)

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family. FGF family members possess broad mitogenic and cell survival activities, and are involved in a variety of biological processes, including embryonic development, cell growth, morphogenesis, tissue repair, tumor growth and invasion. This protein functions as a modifier of endothelial cell migration and proliferation, as well as an angiogenic factor. It acts as a mitogen for a variety of mesoderm- and neuroectoderm-derived cells in vitro, thus is thought to be involved in organogenesis. Multiple alternatively spliced variants encoding different isoforms have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2009]

basic transcription factor 3 pseudogene 5

activating transcription factor 6 beta

The protein encoded by this gene is a transcription factor in the unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway during ER stress. Either as a homodimer or as a heterodimer with ATF6-alpha, the encoded protein binds to the ER stress response element, interacting with nuclear transcription factor Y to activate UPR target genes. The protein is normally found in the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum; however, under ER stress, the N-terminal cytoplasmic domain is cleaved from the rest of the protein and translocates to the nucleus. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2008]

ADP-ribosylation factor-like 9

ARL9 is a member of the small GTPase protein family with a high degree of similarity to ARF (MIM 103180) proteins of the RAS superfamily.[supplied by OMIM, Nov 2008]

ADP-ribosylation factor-like 1

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the ARL (ADP-ribosylation factor-like) family of proteins, which are structurally related to ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs). ARFs, described as activators of cholera toxin (CT) ADP-ribosyltransferase activity, regulate intracellular vesicular membrane trafficking, and stimulate a phospholipase D (PLD) isoform. Although, ARL proteins were initially thought not to activate CT or PLD, later work showed that they are weak stimulators of PLD and CT in a phospholipid dependent manner. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2014]

ADP-ribosylation factor-like 3

Enables GDP binding activity; GTP binding activity; and microtubule binding activity. Involved in several processes, including cilium assembly; protein localization to cilium; and small GTPase-mediated signal transduction. Acts upstream of or within post-Golgi vesicle-mediated transport. Located in several cellular components, including microtubule cytoskeleton; midbody; and photoreceptor connecting cilium. Implicated in Joubert syndrome and retinitis pigmentosa 83. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ADP-ribosylation factor-like 2

This gene encodes a small GTP-binding protein of the RAS superfamily which functions as an ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF). The encoded protein is one of a functionally distinct group of ARF-like genes. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ADP-ribosylation factor-like 6

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the ARF-like (ADP ribosylation factor-like) sub-family of the ARF family of GTP-binding proteins which are involved in regulation of intracellular traffic. Mutations in this gene are associated with Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS). A vision-specific transcript, encoding long isoform BBS3L, has been described (PMID: 20333246). [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2016]

basic transcription factor 3 pseudogene 6

splicing factor 3a, subunit 3 pseudogene 1

splicing factor 3a, subunit 3 pseudogene 2

serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 11

This gene encodes 54-kD nuclear protein that contains an arginine/serine-rich region similar to segments found in pre-mRNA splicing factors. Although the function of this protein is not yet known, structure and immunolocalization data suggest that it may play a role in pre-mRNA processing. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different proteins. In addition, a pseudogene of this gene has been found on chromosome 12.[provided by RefSeq, Sep 2010]

serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 10

This gene product is a member of the serine-arginine (SR) family of proteins, which are involved in constitutive and regulated RNA splicing. Members of this family are characterized by N-terminal RNP1 and RNP2 motifs, which are required for binding to RNA, and multiple C-terminal SR/RS repeats, which are important in mediating association with other cellular proteins. This protein interacts with the oncoprotein TLS, and abrogates the influence of TLS on adenovirus E1A pre-mRNA splicing. This gene has pseudogenes on chromosomes 4, 9, 14, 18, and 20. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2014]

serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 12

Enables RNA binding activity. Involved in mRNA 5'-splice site recognition and regulation of alternative mRNA splicing, via spliceosome. Predicted to be located in nucleoplasm. Predicted to be active in nuclear speck. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

mitochondrial fission factor pseudogene

ADP-ribosylation factor-like 13B

This gene encodes a member of the ADP-ribosylation factor-like family. The encoded protein is a small GTPase that contains both N-terminal and C-terminal guanine nucleotide-binding motifs. This protein is localized in the cilia and plays a role in cilia formation and in maintenance of cilia. Mutations in this gene are the cause of Joubert syndrome 8. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2010]

ADP-ribosylation factor-like 13A

Predicted to enable GTP binding activity and GTPase activity. Predicted to be involved in non-motile cilium assembly and receptor localization to non-motile cilium. Predicted to be active in ciliary membrane and non-motile cilium. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

G elongation factor, mitochondrial 1

Eukaryotes contain two protein translational systems, one in the cytoplasm and one in the mitochondria. Mitochondrial translation is crucial for maintaining mitochondrial function and mutations in this system lead to a breakdown in the respiratory chain-oxidative phosphorylation system and to impaired maintenance of mitochondrial DNA. This gene encodes one of the mitochondrial translation elongation factors. Its role in the regulation of normal mitochondrial function and in different disease states attributed to mitochondrial dysfunction is not known. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

G elongation factor, mitochondrial 2

Eukaryotes contain two protein translational systems, one in the cytoplasm and one in the mitochondria. Mitochondrial translation is crucial for maintaining mitochondrial function and mutations in this system lead to a breakdown in the respiratory chain-oxidative phosphorylation system and to impaired maintenance of mitochondrial DNA. This gene encodes one of the mitochondrial translation elongation factors, which is a GTPase that plays a role at the termination of mitochondrial translation by mediating the disassembly of ribosomes from messenger RNA . Its role in the regulation of normal mitochondrial function and in disease states attributed to mitochondrial dysfunction is not known. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2013]

potassium channel modulatory factor 1

Enables ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Involved in several processes, including negative regulation of HRI-mediated signaling; proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process; and protein polyubiquitination. Located in cytosol. Is active in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

basic transcription factor 3, pseudogene 2

transcription elongation factor, mitochondrial

Enables DNA polymerase processivity factor activity. Involved in mitochondrial transcription and oxidative phosphorylation. Located in mitochondrial nucleoid. Part of ribonucleoprotein complex. Implicated in combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

mesoderm posterior basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor 1

Enables DNA-binding transcription factor activity and transcription cis-regulatory region binding activity. Involved in several processes, including endothelial cell differentiation; heart development; and positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Predicted to be located in chromatin. Predicted to be active in nucleus. Implicated in myocardial infarction. Biomarker of diabetic retinopathy. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

mesoderm posterior basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor 2

This gene encodes a member of the bHLH family of transcription factors and plays a key role in defining the rostrocaudal patterning of somites via interactions with multiple Notch signaling pathways. This gene is expressed in the anterior presomitic mesoderm and is downregulated immediately after the formation of segmented somites. This gene also plays a role in the formation of epithelial somitic mesoderm and cardiac mesoderm. Mutations in the MESP2 gene cause autosomal recessive spondylocostal dystosis 2 (SCD02). [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2008]

E74-like factor 2 pseudogene 2

eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha 1 pseudogene 9

eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha 1 pseudogene 8

eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha 1 pseudogene 7

eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha 1 pseudogene 6

eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha 1 pseudogene 5

Predicted to enable GTPase activity and translation elongation factor activity. Predicted to be involved in translational elongation. Located in extracellular exosome and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha 1 pseudogene 4

eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha 1 pseudogene 3

eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha 1 pseudogene 2

eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha 1 pseudogene 1

Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) 37

Predicted to enable guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

peroxisomal biogenesis factor 5-like

Enables peroxisome matrix targeting signal-1 binding activity and small GTPase binding activity. Predicted to be involved in protein import into peroxisome matrix, docking. Predicted to act upstream of or within maintenance of protein location and regulation of membrane potential. Located in cytosol. Part of receptor complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

angiogenic factor with G patch and FHA domains 1 pseudogene 10

TEA domain family member 1 (SV40 transcriptional enhancer factor)

This gene encodes a ubiquitous transcriptional enhancer factor that is a member of the TEA/ATTS domain family. This protein directs the transactivation of a wide variety of genes and, in placental cells, also acts as a transcriptional repressor. Mutations in this gene cause Sveinsson's chorioretinal atrophy. Additional transcript variants have been described but their full-length natures have not been experimentally verified. [provided by RefSeq, May 2010]

platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase 1b, regulatory subunit 1 pseudogene 1

microtubule cross-linking factor 1-like

fibroblast growth factor 7 pseudogene

ADP-ribosylation factor-like 5A pseudogene

RAB guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) 1 pseudogene

glia maturation factor, beta pseudogene 1

ADP-ribosylation factor related protein 1

The protein encoded by this gene is a membrane-associated GTP-ase which localizes to the plasma membrane and is related to the ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF) and ARF-like (ARL) proteins. This gene plays a role in membrane trafficking between the trans-Golgi network and endosomes. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, May 2012]

heat shock transcription factor family, X linked 1

Predicted to enable DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific and RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Located in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

RNA polymerase I transcription factor homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene 3

RNA polymerase I transcription factor homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene 2

Predicted to enable RNA polymerase I core binding activity and RNA polymerase I general transcription initiation factor activity. Predicted to be involved in transcription initiation at RNA polymerase I promoter. Predicted to be active in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

RNA polymerase I transcription factor homolog (S. cerevisiae) pseudogene 1

Predicted to enable RNA polymerase I general transcription initiation factor activity. Predicted to be involved in transcription initiation at RNA polymerase I promoter. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

upstream binding transcription factor, RNA polymerase I

This gene encodes a member of the HMG-box DNA-binding protein family. The encoded protein plays a critical role in ribosomal RNA transcription as a key component of the pre-initiation complex, mediating the recruitment of RNA polymerase I to rDNA promoter regions. The encoded protein may also play important roles in chromatin remodeling and pre-rRNA processing, and its activity is regulated by both phosphorylation and acetylation. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. Pseudogenes of this gene are located on the short arm of chromosomes 3, 11 and X and the long arm of chromosome 11. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2011]

remodeling and spacing factor 1

This gene encodes a nuclear protein that interacts with hepatitis B virus X protein (HBX) and facilitates transcription of hepatitis B virus genes by the HBX transcription activator, suggesting a role for this interaction in the virus life cycle. This protein also interacts with SNF2H protein to form the RSF chromatin-remodeling complex, where the SNF2H subunit functions as the nucleosome-dependent ATPase, and this protein as the histone chaperone. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2011]

hepatoma-derived growth factor

This gene encodes a member of the hepatoma-derived growth factor family. The encoded protein has mitogenic and DNA-binding activity and may play a role in cellular proliferation and differentiation. High levels of expression of this gene enhance the growth of many tumors. This gene was thought initially to be located on chromosome X; however, that location has been determined to correspond to a related pseudogene. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2016]

insulin-like growth factor 2

This gene encodes a member of the insulin family of polypeptide growth factors, which are involved in development and growth. It is an imprinted gene, expressed only from the paternal allele, and epigenetic changes at this locus are associated with Wilms tumour, Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, rhabdomyosarcoma, and Silver-Russell syndrome. A read-through INS-IGF2 gene exists, whose 5' region overlaps the INS gene and the 3' region overlaps this gene. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2010]

insulin-like growth factor 1 (somatomedin C)

The protein encoded by this gene is similar to insulin in function and structure and is a member of a family of proteins involved in mediating growth and development. The encoded protein is processed from a precursor, bound by a specific receptor, and secreted. Defects in this gene are a cause of insulin-like growth factor I deficiency. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms that may undergo similar processing to generate mature protein. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2015]

Modifier of von Willebrand factor

general transcription factor IIA, 1-like

The assembly and stability of the RNA polymerase II transcription pre-initiation complex on a eukaryotic core promoter involve the effects of transcription factor IIA (TFIIA) on the interaction between TATA-binding protein (TBP) and DNA. This gene encodes a germ cell-specific counterpart of the large (alpha/beta) subunit of general transcription factor TFIIA that is able to stabilize the binding of TBP to DNA and may be uniquely important to testis biology. Alternative splicing for this locus has been observed and two variants, encoding distinct isoforms, have been identified. Co-transcription of this gene and the neighboring upstream gene generates a rare transcript (SALF), which encodes a fusion protein comprised of sequence sharing identity with each individual gene product. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2014]

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) complex I, assembly factor 1 pseudogene

eukaryotic translation initiation factor 1B

Enables RNA binding activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of translational initiation. Predicted to be part of eukaryotic 43S preinitiation complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

nuclear transcription factor Y, beta pseudogene

mortality factor 4 (pseudogene)

Cellular senescence, the terminal nondividing state that normal cells enter following completion of their proliferative potential, is the dominant phenotype in hybrids of normal and immortal cells. Fusions of immortal human cell lines with each other have led to their assignment to 1 of several complementation groups. MORF4 is a gene on chromosome 4 that induces a senescent-like phenotype in cell lines assigned to complementation group B.[supplied by OMIM, Apr 2004]

transforming growth factor beta 1 induced transcript 1

This gene encodes a coactivator of the androgen receptor, a transcription factor which is activated by androgen and has a key role in male sexual differentiation. The encoded protein is thought to regulate androgen receptor activity and may have a role to play in the treatment of prostate cancer. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2009]

replication factor C (activator 1) 3, 38kDa pseudogene 1

transcription elongation factor B (SIII), polypeptide 1 pseudogene 19

transcription elongation factor B (SIII), polypeptide 1 pseudogene 10

transcription elongation factor B (SIII), polypeptide 1 pseudogene 16

ADP-ribosylation factor-like 8B pseudogene

transcription elongation factor B (SIII), polypeptide 1 pseudogene 15

eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A2 pseudogene 1

eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A2 pseudogene 3

eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A2 pseudogene 2

eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A2 pseudogene 4

nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 1

This gene encodes a 105 kD protein which can undergo cotranslational processing by the 26S proteasome to produce a 50 kD protein. The 105 kD protein is a Rel protein-specific transcription inhibitor and the 50 kD protein is a DNA binding subunit of the NF-kappa-B (NFKB) protein complex. NFKB is a transcription regulator that is activated by various intra- and extra-cellular stimuli such as cytokines, oxidant-free radicals, ultraviolet irradiation, and bacterial or viral products. Activated NFKB translocates into the nucleus and stimulates the expression of genes involved in a wide variety of biological functions. Inappropriate activation of NFKB has been associated with a number of inflammatory diseases while persistent inhibition of NFKB leads to inappropriate immune cell development or delayed cell growth. NFKB is a critical regulator of the immediate-early response to viral infection. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms, at least one of which is proteolytically processed. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2020]

nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 2 (p49/p100)

This gene encodes a subunit of the transcription factor complex nuclear factor-kappa-B (NFkB). The NFkB complex is expressed in numerous cell types and functions as a central activator of genes involved in inflammation and immune function. The protein encoded by this gene can function as both a transcriptional activator or repressor depending on its dimerization partner. The p100 full-length protein is co-translationally processed into a p52 active form. Chromosomal rearrangements and translocations of this locus have been observed in B cell lymphomas, some of which may result in the formation of fusion proteins. There is a pseudogene for this gene on chromosome 18. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2013]

BMS1 ribosome biogenesis factor

This gene likely encodes a ribosome assembly protein. A similar protein in yeast functions in 35S-rRNA processing, which includes a series of cleavage steps critical for formation of 40S ribosomes. Related pseudogenes exist on chromosomes 2, 9, 10, 15, 16, and 22.[provided by RefSeq, Mar 2009]

basic leucine zipper nuclear factor 2 pseudogene

nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic, calcineurin-dependent 1

The product of this gene is a component of the nuclear factor of activated T cells DNA-binding transcription complex. This complex consists of at least two components: a preexisting cytosolic component that translocates to the nucleus upon T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation, and an inducible nuclear component. Proteins belonging to this family of transcription factors play a central role in inducible gene transcription during immune response. The product of this gene is an inducible nuclear component. It functions as a major molecular target for the immunosuppressive drugs such as cyclosporin A. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been identified for this gene. Different isoforms of this protein may regulate inducible expression of different cytokine genes. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2013]

nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic, calcineurin-dependent 2

This gene is a member of the nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) family. The product of this gene is a DNA-binding protein with a REL-homology region (RHR) and an NFAT-homology region (NHR). This protein is present in the cytosol and only translocates to the nucleus upon T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation, where it becomes a member of the nuclear factors of activated T cells transcription complex. This complex plays a central role in inducing gene transcription during the immune response. Alternate transcriptional splice variants encoding different isoforms have been characterized. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2012]

nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic, calcineurin-dependent 4

This gene encodes a member of the nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) protein family. The encoded protein is part of a DNA-binding transcription complex. This complex consists of at least two components: a preexisting cytosolic component that translocates to the nucleus upon T cell receptor stimulation and an inducible nuclear component. NFAT proteins are activated by the calmodulin-dependent phosphatase, calcineurin. The encoded protein plays a role in the inducible expression of cytokine genes in T cells, especially in the induction of interleukin-2 and interleukin-4. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2014]

growth factor, augmenter of liver regeneration

The hepatotrophic factor designated augmenter of liver regeneration (ALR) is thought to be one of the factors responsible for the extraordinary regenerative capacity of mammalian liver. It has also been called hepatic regenerative stimulation substance (HSS). The gene resides on chromosome 16 in the interval containing the locus for polycystic kidney disease (PKD1). The putative gene product is 42% similar to the scERV1 protein of yeast. The yeast scERV1 gene had been found to be essential for oxidative phosphorylation, the maintenance of mitochondrial genomes, and the cell division cycle. The human gene is both the structural and functional homolog of the yeast scERV1 gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ADP-ribosylation factor-like 2 binding protein pseudogene 5

kruppel-like factor 7 pseudogene 1

ADP-ribosylation factor-like 2 binding protein pseudogene 2

helt bHLH transcription factor

Predicted to enable DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific and RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding activity. Predicted to be involved in anterior/posterior pattern specification; regulation of neurogenesis; and regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Predicted to act upstream of or within several processes, including nervous system development; regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II; and suckling behavior. Predicted to be located in chromatin. Predicted to be part of transcription regulator complex. Predicted to be active in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

scaffold attachment factor B2

The protein encoded by this gene, along with its paralog (scaffold attachment factor B1), is a repressor of estrogen receptor alpha. The encoded protein binds scaffold/matrix attachment region (S/MAR) DNA and is involved in cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, differentiation, the stress response, and regulation of immune genes. [provided by RefSeq, May 2016]

von Willebrand factor A domain containing 8

Predicted to enable ATP hydrolysis activity. Located in mitochondrion and peroxisome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

von Willebrand factor A domain containing 7

Predicted to be located in extracellular region. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

von Willebrand factor A domain containing 2

This gene encodes a member of the von Willebrand factor A-like domain protein superfamily. The encoded protein is localized to the extracellular matrix and may serve as a structural component in basement membranes or in anchoring structures on scaffolds of collagen VII or fibrillin. This gene has been linked to type 1A diabetes and is a candidate serological marker for colon cancer. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2013]

von Willebrand factor A domain containing 1

VWA1 belongs to the von Willebrand factor (VWF; MIM 613160) A (VWFA) domain superfamily of extracellular matrix proteins and appears to play a role in cartilage structure and function (Fitzgerald et al., 2002 [PubMed 12062410]).[supplied by OMIM, Nov 2010]

heat shock factor binding protein 1 pseudogene 2

host cell factor C1 regulator 1 (XPO1 dependent)

Located in nucleoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

telomeric repeat binding factor (NIMA-interacting) 1 pseudogene

transcription elongation factor A (SII) N-terminal and central domain containing 2

Predicted to be involved in regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Predicted to be active in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

von Willebrand factor A domain containing 3B

This gene encodes an intracellular protein that contains a von Willebrand factor type A domain. Intracellular proteins with VWA domains are thought to function in transcription, DNA repair, ribosomal and membrane transport and the proteasome. Mutations in this gene are associated with Spinocerebellar ataxia, autosomal recessive 22. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, May 2017]

von Willebrand factor A domain containing 3A

Predicted to be located in extracellular region. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

CCCTC-binding factor (zinc finger protein)

This gene is a member of the BORIS + CTCF gene family and encodes a transcriptional regulator protein with 11 highly conserved zinc finger (ZF) domains. This nuclear protein is able to use different combinations of the ZF domains to bind different DNA target sequences and proteins. Depending upon the context of the site, the protein can bind a histone acetyltransferase (HAT)-containing complex and function as a transcriptional activator or bind a histone deacetylase (HDAC)-containing complex and function as a transcriptional repressor. If the protein is bound to a transcriptional insulator element, it can block communication between enhancers and upstream promoters, thereby regulating imprinted expression. Mutations in this gene have been associated with invasive breast cancers, prostate cancers, and Wilms' tumors. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2010]

spalt-like transcription factor 4 pseudogene 3

spalt-like transcription factor 4 pseudogene 1

spalt-like transcription factor 4 pseudogene 7

spalt-like transcription factor 4 pseudogene 5

ADP-ribosylation factor-like protein 17

angiogenic factor with G patch and FHA domains 1 pseudogene

RIC8 guanine nucleotide exchange factor B

Enables G-protein alpha-subunit binding activity. Acts upstream of or within regulation of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway. Located in centrosome; cytosol; and plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

RIC8 guanine nucleotide exchange factor A

Predicted to enable G-protein alpha-subunit binding activity; GTPase regulator activity; and protein folding chaperone. Predicted to be involved in G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to act upstream of or within several processes, including basement membrane organization; gastrulation; and visual learning. Predicted to be located in cell cortex; endomembrane system; and membrane. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm and plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2A pseudogene 4

eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2A pseudogene 1

eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2A pseudogene 3

growth differentiation factor 5 opposite strand

Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

BMS1 ribosome biogenesis factor pseudogene 7

NIF3 NGG1 interacting factor 3-like 1 (S. cerevisiae)

Enables RNA polymerase II-specific DNA-binding transcription factor binding activity and identical protein binding activity. Involved in positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription. Located in cytoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

fin bud initiation factor homolog (zebrafish)

Predicted to enable protein homodimerization activity. Predicted to be located in Golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; and extracellular region. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

nuclear factor interleukin-3-regulated protein-like

Predicted to enable DNA binding activity and DNA-binding transcription factor activity. Predicted to be involved in circadian rhythm and regulation of DNA-templated transcription. Predicted to be active in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

POU class 2 associating factor 1

Enables transcription coactivator activity. Involved in positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Part of RNA polymerase II transcription regulator complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ADP-ribosylation factor-like 16 pseudogene

neuron-derived neurotrophic factor

Predicted to enable heparin binding activity. Involved in several processes, including cellular response to hypoxia; negative regulation of apoptotic process; and nitric oxide mediated signal transduction. Located in extracellular region. Is active in extracellular space. Implicated in hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

activating transcription factor 1 pseudogene 1

replication factor C (activator 1) 5, 36.5kDa

This gene encodes the smallest subunit of the replication factor C complex, which consists of five distinct subunits (140, 40, 38, 37, and 36 kDa) and is required for DNA replication. This subunit interacts with the C-terminal region of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and is required to open and load proliferating cell nuclear antigen onto DNA during S phase. It is a member of the AAA+ (ATPases associated with various cellular activities) ATPase family and forms a core complex with the 38 and 40 kDa subunits that possesses DNA-dependent ATPase activity. A related pseudogene has been identified on chromosome 9. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2016]

replication factor C (activator 1) 4, 37kDa

The elongation of primed DNA templates by DNA polymerase delta and DNA polymerase epsilon requires the accessory proteins proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and replication factor C (RFC). RFC, also named activator 1, is a protein complex consisting of five distinct subunits of 140, 40, 38, 37, and 36 kD. This gene encodes the 37 kD subunit. This subunit forms a core complex with the 36 and 40 kDa subunits. The core complex possesses DNA-dependent ATPase activity, which was found to be stimulated by PCNA in an in vitro system. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been reported. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

replication factor C (activator 1) 1, 145kDa

This gene encodes the large subunit of replication factor C, a five subunit DNA polymerase accessory protein, which is a DNA-dependent ATPase required for eukaryotic DNA replication and repair. The large subunit acts as an activator of DNA polymerases, binds to the 3' end of primers, and promotes coordinated synthesis of both strands. It may also have a role in telomere stability. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been noted for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2011]

keratinocyte differentiation factor 1

Predicted to be involved in several processes, including positive regulation of epidermal cell differentiation; regulation of epidermal cell division; and skin epidermis development. Predicted to act upstream of or within keratinocyte development and negative regulation of keratinocyte proliferation. Predicted to be located in cytoplasm. Predicted to be active in cell junction. Implicated in ectodermal dysplasia 12. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 epsilon 1 pseudogene 1

heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein U (scaffold attachment factor A)

This gene encodes a member of a family of proteins that bind nucleic acids and function in the formation of ribonucleoprotein complexes in the nucleus with heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA). The encoded protein has affinity for both RNA and DNA, and binds scaffold-attached region (SAR) DNA. Mutations in this gene have been associated with epileptic encephalopathy, early infantile, 54. A pseudogene of this gene has been identified on chromosome 14. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2017]

CD55 molecule, decay accelerating factor for complement (Cromer blood group)

This gene encodes a glycoprotein involved in the regulation of the complement cascade. Binding of the encoded protein to complement proteins accelerates their decay, thereby disrupting the cascade and preventing damage to host cells. Antigens present on this protein constitute the Cromer blood group system (CROM). Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. The predominant transcript variant encodes a membrane-bound protein, but alternatively spliced transcripts may produce soluble proteins. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2014]

AAR2 splicing factor homolog (S. cerevisiae)

This gene encodes the homolog of the yeast A1-alpha2 repressin protein that is involved in mRNA splicing. Alternately spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2012]

general transcription factor IIIC, polypeptide 1, alpha 220kDa

Enables RNA polymerase III general transcription initiation factor activity. Predicted to be involved in 5S class rRNA transcription by RNA polymerase III and transcription initiation at RNA polymerase III promoter. Located in nucleolus and nucleoplasm. Part of transcription factor TFIIIC complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

general transcription factor IIIC, polypeptide 6, alpha 35kDa

RNA polymerases are unable to initiate RNA synthesis in the absence of additional proteins called general transcription factors (GTFs). GTFs assemble in a complex on the DNA promoter and recruit the RNA polymerase. GTF3C family proteins (e.g., GTF3C1, MIM 603246) are essential for RNA polymerase III to make a number of small nuclear and cytoplasmic RNAs, including 5S RNA (MIM 180420), tRNA, and adenovirus-associated (VA) RNA of both cellular and viral origin.[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

general transcription factor IIIC, polypeptide 5, 63kDa

Enables RNA polymerase III general transcription initiation factor activity. Predicted to be involved in 5S class rRNA transcription by RNA polymerase III and tRNA transcription by RNA polymerase III. Predicted to act upstream of or within skeletal muscle cell differentiation. Located in nucleoplasm. Part of transcription factor TFIIIC complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

general transcription factor IIIC, polypeptide 4, 90kDa

Enables RNA polymerase III general transcription initiation factor activity and histone H3K14 acetyltransferase activity. Predicted to be involved in 5S class rRNA transcription by RNA polymerase III; tRNA transcription by RNA polymerase III; and transcription initiation at RNA polymerase III promoter. Located in mitochondrion and nucleoplasm. Part of transcription factor TFIIIC complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

mitochondrial translational initiation factor 3

This gene encodes a translation initiation factor that is involved in mitochondrial protein synthesis. Polymorphism in this gene is associated with the onset of Parkinson's disease. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants. A pseudogene of this gene is found on chromosome 5. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2009]

mitochondrial translational initiation factor 2

During the initiation of protein biosynthesis, initiation factor-2 (IF-2) promotes the binding of the initiator tRNA to the small subunit of the ribosome in a GTP-dependent manner. Prokaryotic IF-2 is a single polypeptide, while eukaryotic cytoplasmic IF-2 (eIF-2) is a trimeric protein. Bovine liver mitochondria contain IF-2(mt), an 85-kD monomeric protein that is equivalent to prokaryotic IF-2. The predicted 727-amino acid human protein contains a 29-amino acid presequence. Human IF-2(mt) shares 32 to 38% amino acid sequence identity with yeast IF-2(mt) and several prokaryotic IF-2s, with the greatest degree of conservation in the G domains of the proteins. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2016]

COX19 cytochrome c oxidase assembly factor

COX19 encodes a cytochrome c oxidase (COX)-assembly protein. The S. cerevisiae Cox19 protein may play a role in metal transport to the mitochondrial intermembrane space and assembly of complex IV of the mitochondrial respiratory chain (Sacconi et al., 2005 [PubMed 16212937]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

angiogenic factor with G patch and FHA domains 1

This gene encodes an angiogenic factor that promotes proliferation of endothelial cells. Mutations in this gene are associated with a susceptibility to Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome. Pseudogenes of this gene are found on chromosomes 3, 4, 10 and 16.[provided by RefSeq, Sep 2010]

AT hook containing transcription factor 1

Predicted to enable DNA binding activity. Involved in nuclear pore complex assembly and regulation of cytokinesis. Located in chromosome; nuclear body; and nuclear envelope. Part of nuclear envelope. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ADP-ribosylation factor-like 2 binding protein

ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF)-like proteins (ARLs) comprise a functionally distinct group of the ARF family of RAS-related GTPases. The protein encoded by this gene binds to ARL2.GTP with high affinity but does not interact with ARL2.GDP, activated ARF, or RHO proteins. The lack of detectable membrane association of this protein or ARL2 upon activation of ARL2 is suggestive of actions distinct from those of the ARFs. This protein is considered to be the first ARL2-specific effector identified, due to its interaction with ARL2.GTP but lack of ARL2 GTPase-activating protein activity. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

stromal cell-derived factor 2-like 1

Enables misfolded protein binding activity. Involved in chaperone cofactor-dependent protein refolding. Located in endoplasmic reticulum. Part of protein folding chaperone complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ADP-ribosylation factor 3 pseudogene

ISY1 splicing factor homolog (S. cerevisiae)

Enables RNA binding activity. Involved in mRNA splicing, via spliceosome. Located in nucleus. Part of U2-type catalytic step 1 spliceosome and catalytic step 2 spliceosome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) 34, pseudogene

RNA polymerase II transcription factor SIII subunit A3-like

eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 gamma

This gene encodes a subunit of the elongation factor-1 complex, which is responsible for the enzymatic delivery of aminoacyl tRNAs to the ribosome. This subunit contains an N-terminal glutathione transferase domain, which may be involved in regulating the assembly of multisubunit complexes containing this elongation factor and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 delta (guanine nucleotide exchange protein)

This gene encodes a subunit of the elongation factor-1 complex, which is responsible for the enzymatic delivery of aminoacyl tRNAs to the ribosome. This subunit, delta, functions as guanine nucleotide exchange factor. It is reported that following HIV-1 infection, this subunit interacts with HIV-1 Tat. This interaction results in repression of translation of host cell proteins and enhanced translation of viral proteins. Several alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been found for this gene. Related pseudogenes have been defined on chromosomes 1, 6, 7, 9, 11, 13, 17, 19.[provided by RefSeq, Aug 2010]

telomeric repeat binding factor (NIMA-interacting) 1 pseudogene 1

telomeric repeat binding factor (NIMA-interacting) 1 pseudogene 3

telomeric repeat binding factor (NIMA-interacting) 1 pseudogene 2

telomeric repeat binding factor (NIMA-interacting) 1 pseudogene 5

telomeric repeat binding factor (NIMA-interacting) 1 pseudogene 4

scleraxis basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor

Enables DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specific and bHLH transcription factor binding activity. Contributes to E-box binding activity. Involved in positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Located in nucleus. Part of transcription regulator complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

apoptotic peptidase activating factor 1

This gene encodes a cytoplasmic protein that initiates apoptosis. This protein contains several copies of the WD-40 domain, a caspase recruitment domain (CARD), and an ATPase domain (NB-ARC). Upon binding cytochrome c and dATP, this protein forms an oligomeric apoptosome. The apoptosome binds and cleaves caspase 9 preproprotein, releasing its mature, activated form. Activated caspase 9 stimulates the subsequent caspase cascade that commits the cell to apoptosis. Alternative splicing results in several transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

insulin-like growth factor binding protein, acid labile subunit

The protein encoded by this gene is a serum protein that binds insulin-like growth factors, increasing their half-life and their vascular localization. Production of the encoded protein, which contains twenty leucine-rich repeats, is stimulated by growth hormone. Defects in this gene are a cause of acid-labile subunit deficiency, which maifests itself in a delayed and slow puberty. Three transcript variants encoding two different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2009]

mitochondrial elongation factor 1

Enables identical protein binding activity; mitochondrial large ribosomal subunit binding activity; and purine ribonucleotide binding activity. Involved in several processes, including mitochondrial large ribosomal subunit assembly; mitochondrion organization; and regulation of mitochondrion organization. Located in mitochondrial matrix and mitochondrial outer membrane. Implicated in optic atrophy. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

mitochondrial elongation factor 2

This gene encodes an outer mitochondrial membrane protein that functions in the regulation of mitochondrial morphology. It can directly recruit the fission mediator dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) to the mitochondrial surface. The gene is located within the Smith-Magenis syndrome region on chromosome 17. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2011]

pancreas specific transcription factor, 1a

This gene encodes a protein that is a component of the pancreas transcription factor 1 complex (PTF1) and is known to have a role in mammalian pancreatic development. The protein plays a role in determining whether cells allocated to the pancreatic buds continue towards pancreatic organogenesis or revert back to duodenal fates. The protein is thought to be involved in the maintenance of exocrine pancreas-specific gene expression including elastase 1 and amylase. Mutations in this gene cause cerebellar agenesis and loss of expression is seen in ductal type pancreas cancers. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

Kruppel-like factor 7 (ubiquitous)

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the Kruppel-like transcriptional regulator family. Members in this family regulate cell proliferation, differentiation and survival and contain three C2H2 zinc fingers at the C-terminus that mediate binding to GC-rich sites. This protein may contribute to the progression of type 2 diabetes by inhibiting insulin expression and secretion in pancreatic beta-cells and by deregulating adipocytokine secretion in adipocytes. A pseudogene of this gene is located on the long arm of chromosome 3. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2012]

Kruppel-like factor 6

This gene encodes a member of the Kruppel-like family of transcription factors. The zinc finger protein is a transcriptional activator, and functions as a tumor suppressor. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene, some of which are implicated in carcinogenesis. [provided by RefSeq, May 2009]

Kruppel-like factor 5 (intestinal)

This gene encodes a member of the Kruppel-like factor subfamily of zinc finger proteins. The encoded protein is a transcriptional activator that binds directly to a specific recognition motif in the promoters of target genes. This protein acts downstream of multiple different signaling pathways and is regulated by post-translational modification. It may participate in both promoting and suppressing cell proliferation. Expression of this gene may be changed in a variety of different cancers and in cardiovascular disease. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2013]

Kruppel-like factor 4 (gut)

This gene encodes a protein that belongs to the Kruppel family of transcription factors. The encoded zinc finger protein is required for normal development of the barrier function of skin. The encoded protein is thought to control the G1-to-S transition of the cell cycle following DNA damage by mediating the tumor suppressor gene p53. Mice lacking this gene have a normal appearance but lose weight rapidly, and die shortly after birth due to fluid evaporation resulting from compromised epidermal barrier function. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2015]

Kruppel-like factor 3 (basic)

Enables sequence-specific double-stranded DNA binding activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Located in nucleoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

Kruppel-like factor 2

This gene encodes a protein that belongs to the Kruppel family of transcription factors. The encoded zinc finger protein is expressed early in mammalian development and is found in many different cell types. The protein acts to bind the CACCC box found in the promoter of target genes to activate their transcription. It plays a role in many processes during development and disease including adipogenesis, embryonic erythropoiesis, epithelial integrity, inflammation and t-cell viability. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2017]

Kruppel-like factor 1 (erythroid)

This gene encodes a hematopoietic-specific transcription factor that induces high-level expression of adult beta-globin and other erythroid genes. The zinc-finger protein binds to the DNA sequence CCACACCCT found in the beta hemoglobin promoter. Heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in this gene result in the dominant In(Lu) blood phenotype. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2009]

Kruppel-like factor 9

The protein encoded by this gene is a transcription factor that binds to GC box elements located in the promoter. Binding of the encoded protein to a single GC box inhibits mRNA expression while binding to tandemly repeated GC box elements activates transcription. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

Kruppel-like factor 8

This gene encodes a protein which is a member of the Sp/KLF family of transcription factors. Members of this family contain a C-terminal DNA-binding domain with three Kruppel-like zinc fingers. The encoded protein is thought to play an important role in the regulation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition, a process which occurs normally during development but also during metastasis. A pseudogene has been identified on chromosome 16. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2009]

RE1-silencing transcription factor

This gene was initially identified as a transcriptional repressor that represses neuronal genes in non-neuronal tissues. However, depending on the cellular context, this gene can act as either an oncogene or a tumor suppressor. The encoded protein is a member of the Kruppel-type zinc finger transcription factor family. It represses transcription by binding a DNA sequence element called the neuron-restrictive silencer element. The protein is also found in undifferentiated neuronal progenitor cells and it is thought that this repressor may act as a master negative regulator of neurogenesis. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described. [provided by RefSeq, May 2018]

splicing factor, suppressor of white-apricot family

This gene encodes a human homolog of Drosophila splicing regulatory protein. This gene autoregulates its expression by control of splicing of its first two introns. In addition, it also regulates the splicing of fibronectin and CD45 genes. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, May 2012]

RAB interacting factor

This gene encodes a member of the SCE4/YPT1/RAB family of small GTP-binding proteins that are involved in the regulation of intracellular vesicular transport. This protein stimulates GTP-GDP exchange in SEC4, and to a lesser extent in YPT1 and RAB3A, and may play a general role in vesicular transport. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2011]

SYF2 pre-mRNA-splicing factor

This gene encodes a nuclear protein that interacts with cyclin D-type binding-protein 1, which is thought to be a cell cycle regulator at the G1/S transition. Alternate transcriptional splice variants, encoding different isoforms, have been characterized. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

coagulation factor XI

This gene encodes coagulation factor XI of the blood coagulation cascade. This protein is present in plasma as a zymogen, which is a unique plasma coagulation enzyme because it exists as a homodimer consisting of two identical polypeptide chains linked by disulfide bonds. During activation of the plasma factor XI, an internal peptide bond is cleaved by factor XIIa (or XII) in each of the two chains, resulting in activated factor XIa, a serine protease composed of two heavy and two light chains held together by disulfide bonds. This activated plasma factor XI triggers the middle phase of the intrisic pathway of blood coagulation by activating factor IX. Defects in this factor lead to Rosenthal syndrome, a blood coagulation abnormality. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

hepatoma derived growth factor-like 1

Predicted to be involved in chromatin remodeling. Predicted to be active in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

nodal growth differentiation factor

This gene encodes a secreted ligand of the TGF-beta (transforming growth factor-beta) superfamily of proteins. Ligands of this family bind various TGF-beta receptors leading to recruitment and activation of SMAD family transcription factors that regulate gene expression. The encoded preproprotein is proteolytically processed to generate the mature protein, which regulates early embryonic development. This protein is required for maintenance of human embryonic stem cell pluripotency and may play a role in human placental development. Mutations in this gene are associated with heterotaxy, a condition characterized by random orientation of visceral organs with respect to the left-right axis. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]

endothelial differentiation-related factor 1

This gene encodes a protein that may regulate endothelial cell differentiation, lipid metabolism, and hormone-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. The encoded protein has also been found to act as a transcriptional coactivator by interconnecting the general transcription factor TATA element-binding protein (TBP) and gene-specific activators. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2013]

eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3, subunit J pseudogene

eukaryotic translation initiation factor 1 pseudogene 3

eukaryotic translation initiation factor 1 pseudogene 2

eukaryotic translation initiation factor 1 pseudogene 1

eukaryotic translation initiation factor 1 pseudogene 4

spalt-like transcription factor 4

This gene encodes a zinc finger transcription factor thought to play a role in the development of abducens motor neurons. Defects in this gene are a cause of Duane-radial ray syndrome (DRRS). Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2015]

spalt-like transcription factor 1

The protein encoded by this gene is a zinc finger transcriptional repressor and may be part of the NuRD histone deacetylase complex (HDAC). Defects in this gene are a cause of Townes-Brocks syndrome (TBS) as well as bronchio-oto-renal syndrome (BOR). Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

spalt-like transcription factor 3

This gene encodes a sal-like C2H2-type zinc-finger protein, and belongs to a family of evolutionarily conserved genes found in species as diverse as Drosophila, C. elegans, and vertebrates. Mutations in some of these genes are associated with congenital disorders in human, suggesting their importance in embryonic development. This protein binds to DNA methyltransferase 3 alpha (DNMT3A), and reduces DNMT3A-mediated CpG island methylation. It is suggested that silencing of this gene, resulting in acceleration of DNA methylation, may have a role in oncogenesis. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2011]

spalt-like transcription factor 2

This gene encodes a protein containing multiple zinc finger domains. The encoded protein functions in optical fissure closure during development of the eye in the embryo. Mutations in this gene are associated with ocular coloboma. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2016]

HMG-box transcription factor 1

Predicted to enable DNA-binding transcription repressor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific and RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding activity. Predicted to be involved in negative regulation of lipid transport; negative regulation of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process; and negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Located in nuclear speck. Biomarker of osteoarthritis. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

elongation factor 1 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

Predicted to enable RNA polymerase II complex binding activity. Predicted to be involved in transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II. Predicted to be located in nucleus. Predicted to be part of transcription elongation factor complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

transcription factor A, mitochondrial pseudogene

mitochondrial translational release factor 1

The protein encoded by this gene was determined by in silico methods to be a mitochondrial protein with similarity to the peptide chain release factors (RFs) discovered in bacteria and yeast. The peptide chain release factors direct the termination of translation in response to the peptide chain termination codons. Initially thought to have a role in the termination of mitochondria protein synthesis, a recent publication found no mitochondrial translation release functionality. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants have been suggested by mRNA and EST data; however, their full-length natures are not clear. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

platelet factor 4

This gene encodes a member of the CXC chemokine family. This chemokine is released from the alpha granules of activated platelets in the form of a homotetramer which has high affinity for heparin and is involved in platelet aggregation. This protein is chemotactic for numerous other cell type and also functions as an inhibitor of hematopoiesis, angiogenesis and T-cell function. The protein also exhibits antimicrobial activity against Plasmodium falciparum. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2014]

Kruppel-like factor 2 pseudogene 4

Myb-related transcription factor, partner of profilin

Predicted to enable DNA-binding transcription repressor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific and RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding activity. Predicted to be involved in negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Predicted to be active in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

cleavage and polyadenylation specific factor 4-like

Predicted to enable RNA binding activity and metal ion binding activity. Predicted to be involved in mRNA 3'-end processing. Predicted to be located in nucleus. Predicted to be part of mRNA cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ADP-ribosylation factor-like 8B pseudogene

ADP-ribosylation factor-like 4A

ADP-ribosylation factor-like 4A is a member of the ADP-ribosylation factor family of GTP-binding proteins. ARL4A is similar to ARL4C and ARL4D and each has a nuclear localization signal and an unusually high guaninine nucleotide exchange rate. ARL4A is located in both the nuclear and extranuclear cell compartments. Multiple transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

GA binding protein transcription factor, alpha subunit pseudogene

dynein, axonemal, assembly factor 5 pseudodgene

ets homologous factor

This gene encodes a protein that belongs to an ETS transcription factor subfamily characterized by epithelial-specific expression (ESEs). The encoded protein acts as a transcriptional repressor and may be involved in epithelial differentiation and carcinogenesis. Three transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2011]

serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 2 pseudogene

eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha 2 pseudogene

ATP synthase-coupling factor 6, mitochondrial-like

nuclear assembly factor 1 ribonucleoprotein

Enables identical protein binding activity and telomerase RNA binding activity. Involved in ribosome biogenesis; telomerase RNA stabilization; and telomerase holoenzyme complex assembly. Acts upstream of or within telomerase RNA localization to Cajal body. Located in cytoplasm and nucleoplasm. Part of sno(s)RNA-containing ribonucleoprotein complex. Implicated in melanoma. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

spire-type actin nucleation factor 1

Spire proteins, such as SPIRE1, are highly conserved between species. They belong to the family of Wiskott-Aldrich homology region-2 (WH2) proteins, which are involved in actin organization (Kerkhoff et al., 2001 [PubMed 11747823]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

spire-type actin nucleation factor 2

Predicted to enable microtubule binding activity. Involved in establishment of meiotic spindle localization; formin-nucleated actin cable assembly; and positive regulation of double-strand break repair. Predicted to be located in cleavage furrow. Predicted to be active in cell cortex and cytoplasmic vesicle membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4H pseudogene 2

eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E pseudogene 2

eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E pseudogene 4

eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E pseudogene 5

transcription elongation factor A (SII) N-terminal and central domain containing

Predicted to be involved in regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Predicted to be active in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

chromatin licensing and DNA replication factor 1

The protein encoded by this gene is involved in the formation of the pre-replication complex that is necessary for DNA replication. The encoded protein can bind geminin, which prevents replication and may function to prevent this protein from initiating replication at inappropriate origins. Phosphorylation of this protein by cyclin A-dependent kinases results in degradation of the protein. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2011]

transcription factor B2, mitochondrial

Enables mitochondrial transcription factor activity. Involved in transcription initiation at mitochondrial promoter. Located in mitochondrial nucleoid. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

hepatocyte nuclear factor 4, gamma pseudogene 1

transforming growth factor, alpha

This gene encodes a growth factor that is a ligand for the epidermal growth factor receptor, which activates a signaling pathway for cell proliferation, differentiation and development. This protein may act as either a transmembrane-bound ligand or a soluble ligand. This gene has been associated with many types of cancers, and it may also be involved in some cases of cleft lip/palate. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2011]

phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate-dependent Rac exchange factor 2

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3)-dependent Rac exchanger (PREX) family, which are Dbl-type guanine-nucleotide exchange factors for Rac family small G proteins. Structural domains of this protein include the catalytic diffuse B-cell lymphoma homology and pleckstrin homology (DHPH) domain, two disheveled, EGL-10, and pleckstrin homology (DEP) domains, two PDZ domains, and a C-terminal inositol polyphosphate-4 phosphatase (IP4P) domain that is found in one of the isoforms. This protein facilitates the exchange of GDP for GTP on Rac1, allowing the GTP-bound Rac1 to activate downstream effectors. Studies also show that the pleckstrin homology domain of this protein interacts with the phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) gene product to inhibit PTEN phosphatase activity, thus activating the phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway. Conversely, the PTEN gene product has also been shown to inhibit the GEF activity of this protein. This gene plays a role in insulin-signaling pathways, and either mutations or overexpression of this gene have been observed in some cancers. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2016]

phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate-dependent Rac exchange factor 1

The protein encoded by this gene acts as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for the RHO family of small GTP-binding proteins (RACs). It has been shown to bind to and activate RAC1 by exchanging bound GDP for free GTP. The encoded protein, which is found mainly in the cytoplasm, is activated by phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate and the beta-gamma subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

hypoxia inducible factor 3, alpha subunit

The protein encoded by this gene is the alpha-3 subunit of one of several alpha/beta-subunit heterodimeric transcription factors that regulate many adaptive responses to low oxygen tension (hypoxia). The alpha-3 subunit lacks the transactivation domain found in factors containing either the alpha-1 or alpha-2 subunits. It is thought that factors containing the alpha-3 subunit are negative regulators of hypoxia-inducible gene expression. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2011]

general transcription factor IIi pseudogene 1

general transcription factor IIi pseudogene 3

general transcription factor IIi pseudogene 2

general transcription factor IIi pseudogene 5

general transcription factor IIi, pseudogene 4

general transcription factor IIi pseudogene 6

transcriptional regulating factor 1

This gene encodes a zinc-finger transcriptional regulating protein which interacts with CBP/p300 to regulate the human gene CYP11A1. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2014]

coagulation factor X

This gene encodes the vitamin K-dependent coagulation factor X of the blood coagulation cascade. This factor undergoes multiple processing steps before its preproprotein is converted to a mature two-chain form by the excision of the tripeptide RKR. Two chains of the factor are held together by 1 or more disulfide bonds; the light chain contains 2 EGF-like domains, while the heavy chain contains the catalytic domain which is structurally homologous to those of the other hemostatic serine proteases. The mature factor is activated by the cleavage of the activation peptide by factor IXa (in the intrisic pathway), or by factor VIIa (in the extrinsic pathway). The activated factor then converts prothrombin to thrombin in the presence of factor Va, Ca+2, and phospholipid during blood clotting. Mutations of this gene result in factor X deficiency, a hemorrhagic condition of variable severity. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms that may undergo similar proteolytic processing to generate mature polypeptides. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2015]

transcription elongation factor A (SII), 2

The protein encoded by this gene is found in the nucleus, where it functions as an SII class transcription elongation factor. Elongation factors in this class are responsible for releasing RNA polymerase II ternary complexes from transcriptional arrest at template-encoded arresting sites. The encoded protein has been shown to interact with general transcription factor IIB, a basal transcription factor. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

transcription elongation factor A (SII), 3

Predicted to enable DNA binding activity; translation elongation factor activity; and zinc ion binding activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Predicted to be active in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

transcription elongation factor A (SII), 1

Predicted to enable DNA binding activity; translation elongation factor activity; and zinc ion binding activity. Predicted to be involved in positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Predicted to act upstream of or within erythrocyte differentiation and positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription. Located in nucleolus and nucleoplasm. Part of transcription factor TFIID complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ciliary neurotrophic factor

The protein encoded by this gene is a polypeptide hormone whose actions appear to be restricted to the nervous system where it promotes neurotransmitter synthesis and neurite outgrowth in certain neuronal populations. The protein is a potent survival factor for neurons and oligodendrocytes and may be relevant in reducing tissue destruction during inflammatory attacks. A mutation in this gene, which results in aberrant splicing, leads to ciliary neurotrophic factor deficiency, but this phenotype is not causally related to neurologic disease. A read-through transcript variant composed of the upstream ZFP91 gene and CNTF sequence has been identified, but it is thought to be non-coding. Read-through transcription of ZFP91 and CNTF has also been observed in mouse. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2010]

regulatory factor X, 4 (influences HLA class II expression)

This gene is a member of the regulatory factor X gene family, which encodes transcription factors that contain a highly-conserved winged helix DNA binding domain. The protein encoded by this gene is structurally related to regulatory factors X1, X2, X3, and X5. It has been shown to interact with itself as well as with regulatory factors X2 and X3, but it does not interact with regulatory factor X1. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, May 2011]

regulatory factor X, 5 (influences HLA class II expression)

A lack of MHC-II expression results in a severe immunodeficiency syndrome called MHC-II deficiency, or the bare lymphocyte syndrome (BLS; MIM 209920). At least 4 complementation groups have been identified in B-cell lines established from patients with BLS. The molecular defects in complementation groups B, C, and D all lead to a deficiency in RFX, a nuclear protein complex that binds to the X box of MHC-II promoters. The lack of RFX binding activity in complementation group C results from mutations in the RFX5 gene encoding the 75-kD subunit of RFX (Steimle et al., 1995). RFX5 is the fifth member of the growing family of DNA-binding proteins sharing a novel and highly characteristic DNA-binding domain called the RFX motif. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found but the full-length natures of only two have been determined. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

regulatory factor X, 7

RFX7 is a member of the regulatory factor X (RFX) family of transcription factors (see RFX1, MIM 600006) (Aftab et al., 2008 [PubMed 18673564]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2009]

regulatory factor X, 1 (influences HLA class II expression)

This gene encodes a member of the regulatory factor X (RFX) family of transcription factors, which are characterized by a winged-helix DNA-binding domain. The encoded transcription factor contains an N-terminal activation domain and a C-terminal repression domain, and may activate or repress target gene expression depending on cellular context. This transcription factor has been shown to regulate a wide variety of genes involved in immunity and cancer, including the MHC class II genes and genes that may be involved in cancer progression. This gene exhibits altered expression in glioblastoma and the autoimmune disease systemic lupus erythematosis (SLE). [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2016]

regulatory factor X, 2 (influences HLA class II expression)

This gene is a member of the regulatory factor X gene family, which encodes transcription factors that contain a highly-conserved winged helix DNA binding domain. The protein encoded by this gene is structurally related to regulatory factors X1, X3, X4, and X5. It is a transcriptional activator that can bind DNA as a monomer or as a heterodimer with other RFX family members. This protein can bind to cis elements in the promoter of the IL-5 receptor alpha gene. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described for this gene, and both variants utilize alternative polyadenylation sites. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

regulatory factor X, 3 (influences HLA class II expression)

This gene is a member of the regulatory factor X gene family, which encodes transcription factors that contain a highly-conserved winged helix DNA binding domain. The protein encoded by this gene is structurally related to regulatory factors X1, X2, X4, and X5. It is a transcriptional activator that can bind DNA as a monomer or as a heterodimer with other RFX family members. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2013]

insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2, 36kDa

The protein encoded by this gene is one of six similar proteins that bind insulin-like growth factors I and II (IGF-I and IGF-II). The encoded protein can be secreted into the bloodstream, where it binds IGF-I and IGF-II with high affinity, or it can remain intracellular, interacting with many different ligands. High expression levels of this protein promote the growth of several types of tumors and may be predictive of the chances of recovery of the patient. Several transcript variants, one encoding a secreted isoform and the others encoding nonsecreted isoforms, have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2015]

insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3

This gene is a member of the insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP) family and encodes a protein with an IGFBP domain and a thyroglobulin type-I domain. The protein forms a ternary complex with insulin-like growth factor acid-labile subunit (IGFALS) and either insulin-like growth factor (IGF) I or II. In this form, it circulates in the plasma, prolonging the half-life of IGFs and altering their interaction with cell surface receptors. Alternate transcriptional splice variants, encoding different isoforms, have been characterized. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

insulin-like growth factor binding protein 1

This gene is a member of the insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP) family and encodes a protein with an IGFBP N-terminal domain and a thyroglobulin type-I domain. The encoded protein, mainly expressed in the liver, circulates in the plasma and binds both insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) I and II, prolonging their half-lives and altering their interaction with cell surface receptors. This protein is important in cell migration and metabolism. Low levels of this protein may be associated with impaired glucose tolerance, vascular disease and hypertension in human patients. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2017]

insulin-like growth factor binding protein 7

This gene encodes a member of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-binding protein (IGFBP) family. IGFBPs bind IGFs with high affinity, and regulate IGF availability in body fluids and tissues and modulate IGF binding to its receptors. This protein binds IGF-I and IGF-II with relatively low affinity, and belongs to a subfamily of low-affinity IGFBPs. It also stimulates prostacyclin production and cell adhesion. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described for this gene, and one variant has been associated with retinal arterial macroaneurysm (PMID:21835307). [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2011]

insulin-like growth factor binding protein 4

This gene is a member of the insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP) family and encodes a protein with an IGFBP domain and a thyroglobulin type-I domain. The protein binds both insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) I and II and circulates in the plasma in both glycosylated and non-glycosylated forms. Binding of this protein prolongs the half-life of the IGFs and alters their interaction with cell surface receptors. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

insulin-like growth factor binding protein 5

Enables insulin-like growth factor I binding activity and receptor ligand activity. Involved in several processes, including cellular response to cAMP; regulation of smooth muscle cell migration; and regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation. Part of insulin-like growth factor ternary complex. Biomarker of pulmonary fibrosis. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

chemokine-like factor

The product of this gene is a cytokine. Cytokines are small proteins that have an essential role in the immune and inflammatory responses. This gene is one of several chemokine-like factor genes located in a cluster on chromosome 16. The protein encoded by this gene is a potent chemoattractant for neutrophils, monocytes and lymphocytes. It also can stimulate the proliferation of skeletal muscle cells. This protein may play important roles in inflammation and in the regeneration of skeletal muscle. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified. Naturally occurring read-through transcription occurs between this locus and the neighboring locus CMTM1 (CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain containing 1).[provided by RefSeq, Feb 2011]

TGFB-induced factor homeobox 2 pseudogene 1

hepatocyte growth factor-like protein

CCCTC-binding factor (zinc finger protein)-like

CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF), an 11-zinc-finger factor involved in gene regulation, utilizes different zinc fingers to bind varying DNA target sites. CTCF forms methylation-sensitive insulators that regulate X-chromosome inactivation. This gene is a paralog of CTCF and appears to be expressed primarily in the cytoplasm of spermatocytes, unlike CTCF which is expressed primarily in the nucleus of somatic cells. CTCF and the protein encoded by this gene are normally expressed in a mutually exclusive pattern that correlates with resetting of methylation marks during male germ cell differentiation. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2012]

splicing factor U2AF 35 kDa subunit

elongation factor Tu GTP binding domain containing 1 pseudogene 1

elongation factor Tu GTP binding domain containing 1 pseudogene 2

elongation factor, RNA polymerase II, 2 pseudogene 1

elongation factor, RNA polymerase II, 2 pseudogene 4

ribosome binding factor A (putative)

Predicted to be involved in rRNA processing. Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein, gamma pseudogene

N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein, gamma pseudogene

von Willebrand factor D and EGF domains

Predicted to enable signaling receptor binding activity. Predicted to be active in cell surface and extracellular region. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

milk fat globule-EGF factor 8 protein

This gene encodes a preproprotein that is proteolytically processed to form multiple protein products. The major encoded protein product, lactadherin, is a membrane glycoprotein that promotes phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. This protein has also been implicated in wound healing, autoimmune disease, and cancer. Lactadherin can be further processed to form a smaller cleavage product, medin, which comprises the major protein component of aortic medial amyloid (AMA). Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2015]

eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A3 pseudogene 1

general transcription factor IIF, polypeptide 1, 74kDa

Enables several functions, including RNA polymerase II general transcription initiation factor activity; phosphatase activator activity; and promoter-specific chromatin binding activity. Involved in positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II; response to virus; and transcription by RNA polymerase II. Located in cell junction and nucleoplasm. Part of transcription factor TFIID complex and transcription factor TFIIF complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

general transcription factor IIF, polypeptide 2, 30kDa

Predicted to enable RNA polymerase II general transcription initiation factor activity. Involved in positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II; transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II; and transcription initiation at RNA polymerase II promoter. Located in microtubule cytoskeleton and nucleoplasm. Part of transcription factor TFIIF complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

nuclear apoptosis inducing factor 1

Involved in negative regulation of cell growth and regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability involved in apoptotic process. Located in cytosol; nucleoplasm; and plasma membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

MAU2 sister chromatid cohesion factor

Enables cohesin loader activity. Involved in maintenance of mitotic sister chromatid cohesion. Located in chromatin and nuclear body. Part of Scc2-Scc4 cohesin loading complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

general transcription factor IIIC, polypeptide 6, alpha 35kDa pseudogene

pterin-4 alpha-carbinolamine dehydratase/dimerization cofactor of hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 alpha (TCF1) 2 pseudogene

platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase 1b, catalytic subunit 2 (30kDa) pseudogene

myogenic factor 5

Predicted to enable DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific and RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding activity. Predicted to contribute to E-box binding activity. Predicted to be involved in several processes, including muscle cell fate commitment; positive regulation of cell differentiation; and skeletal muscle cell differentiation. Predicted to act upstream of or within several processes, including positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II; skeletal system morphogenesis; and somitogenesis. Located in nucleoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

myogenic factor 6 (herculin)

The protein encoded by this gene is a probable basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) DNA binding protein involved in muscle differentiation. The encoded protein likely acts as a heterodimer with another bHLH protein. Defects in this gene are a cause of autosomal dominant centronuclear myopathy (ADCNM). [provided by RefSeq, May 2010]

growth factor independent 1B transcription repressor

This gene encodes a zinc-finger containing transcriptional regulator that is primarily expressed in cells of hematopoietic lineage. The encoded protein complexes with numerous other transcriptional regulatory proteins including GATA-1, runt-related transcription factor 1 and histone deacetylases to control expression of genes involved in the development and maturation of erythrocytes and megakaryocytes. Mutations in this gene are the cause of the autosomal dominant platelet disorder, platelet-type bleeding disorder-17. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2014]

early B-cell factor 4

EBF4 belongs to the conserved Olf/EBF family of helix-loop-helix transcription factors, members of which play important roles in neural development and B-cell maturation (Wang et al., 2002 [PubMed 12139918]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]

early B-cell factor 3

This gene encodes a member of the early B-cell factor (EBF) family of DNA binding transcription factors. EBF proteins are involved in B-cell differentiation, bone development and neurogenesis, and may also function as tumor suppressors. The encoded protein inhibits cell survival through the regulation of genes involved in cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, and aberrant methylation or deletion of this gene may play a role in multiple malignancies including glioblastoma multiforme and gastric carcinoma. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2011]

early B-cell factor 2

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the COE (Collier/Olf/EBF) family of non-basic, helix-loop-helix transcription factors that have a well conserved DNA binding domain. The COE family proteins play an important role in variety of developmental processes. Studies in mouse suggest that this gene may be involved in the differentiation of osteoblasts. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2011]

early B-cell factor 1

Predicted to enable DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specific and RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding activity. Predicted to be involved in positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Predicted to act upstream of or within positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription. Predicted to be located in chromatin. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

pre-mRNA processing factor 3 pseudogene

BMS1 ribosome biogenesis factor pseudogene 17

eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2, subunit 2 beta pseudogene 1

eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2, subunit 2 beta pseudogene 3

eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2, subunit 2 beta pseudogene 2

eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2, subunit 2 beta pseudogene 5

eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2, subunit 2 beta pseudogene 4

eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2, subunit 2 beta pseudogene 7

eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2, subunit 2 beta pseudogene 6

helicase-like transcription factor

This gene encodes a member of the SWI/SNF family. Members of this family have helicase and ATPase activities and are thought to regulate transcription of certain genes by altering the chromatin structure around those genes. The encoded protein contains a RING finger DNA binding motif. Two transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene. However, use of an alternative translation start site produces an isoform that is truncated at the N-terminus compared to the full-length protein. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

runt-related transcription factor 1; translocated to, 1 (cyclin D-related)

This gene encodes a member of the myeloid translocation gene family which interact with DNA-bound transcription factors and recruit a range of corepressors to facilitate transcriptional repression. The t(8;21)(q22;q22) translocation is one of the most frequent karyotypic abnormalities in acute myeloid leukemia. The translocation produces a chimeric gene made up of the 5'-region of the runt-related transcription factor 1 gene fused to the 3'-region of this gene. The chimeric protein is thought to associate with the nuclear corepressor/histone deacetylase complex to block hematopoietic differentiation. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2010]

transcription factor AP-2 alpha (activating enhancer binding protein 2 alpha)

The protein encoded by this gene is a transcription factor that binds the consensus sequence 5'-GCCNNNGGC-3'. The encoded protein functions as either a homodimer or as a heterodimer with similar family members. This protein activates the transcription of some genes while inhibiting the transcription of others. Defects in this gene are a cause of branchiooculofacial syndrome (BOFS). Three transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.[provided by RefSeq, Dec 2009]

transcription factor AP-2 gamma (activating enhancer binding protein 2 gamma)

The protein encoded by this gene is a sequence-specific DNA-binding transcription factor involved in the activation of several developmental genes. The encoded protein can act as either a homodimer or heterodimer with other family members and is induced during retinoic acid-mediated differentiation. It plays a role in the development of the eyes, face, body wall, limbs, and neural tube. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

transcription factor AP-2 beta (activating enhancer binding protein 2 beta)

This gene encodes a member of the AP-2 family of transcription factors. AP-2 proteins form homo- or hetero-dimers with other AP-2 family members and bind specific DNA sequences. They are thought to stimulate cell proliferation and suppress terminal differentiation of specific cell types during embryonic development. Specific AP-2 family members differ in their expression patterns and binding affinity for different promoters. This protein functions as both a transcriptional activator and repressor. Mutations in this gene result in autosomal dominant Char syndrome, suggesting that this gene functions in the differentiation of neural crest cell derivatives. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

transcription factor AP-2 epsilon (activating enhancer binding protein 2 epsilon)

Enables sequence-specific double-stranded DNA binding activity. Predicted to be involved in positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II and regulation of cell population proliferation. Predicted to be located in chromatin. Predicted to be active in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

transcription factor AP-2 delta (activating enhancer binding protein 2 delta)

Predicted to enable DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specific and RNA polymerase II transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding activity. Predicted to be involved in positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II and regulation of cell population proliferation. Predicted to act upstream of or within inferior colliculus development; negative regulation of neuron apoptotic process; and positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription. Predicted to be located in chromatin. Predicted to be part of transcription regulator complex. Predicted to be active in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

nuclear transcription factor Y, gamma pseudogene

transcription elongation factor B (SIII), polypeptide 1 pseudogene 31

eukaryotic translation termination factor 1 pseudogene

eukaryotic translation termination factor 1 pseudogene

eukaryotic translation termination factor 1 pseudogene

eukaryotic translation termination factor 1 pseudogene

eukaryotic translation termination factor 1 pseudogene

eukaryotic translation termination factor 1 pseudogene

ADP-ribosylation factor-like 6 interacting protein 1 pseudogene 1

ADP-ribosylation factor-like 6 interacting protein 1 pseudogene 2

ADP-ribosylation factor-like 6 interacting protein 1 pseudogene 3

eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A2

Predicted to enable translation elongation factor activity. Predicted to be involved in translational elongation. Located in intracellular membrane-bounded organelle. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

DNA fragmentation factor, 45kDa, alpha polypeptide

Apoptosis is a cell death process that removes toxic and/or useless cells during mammalian development. The apoptotic process is accompanied by shrinkage and fragmentation of the cells and nuclei and degradation of the chromosomal DNA into nucleosomal units. DNA fragmentation factor (DFF) is a heterodimeric protein of 40-kD (DFFB) and 45-kD (DFFA) subunits. DFFA is the substrate for caspase-3 and triggers DNA fragmentation during apoptosis. DFF becomes activated when DFFA is cleaved by caspase-3. The cleaved fragments of DFFA dissociate from DFFB, the active component of DFF. DFFB has been found to trigger both DNA fragmentation and chromatin condensation during apoptosis. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

DNA fragmentation factor, 40kDa, beta polypeptide (caspase-activated DNase)

Apoptosis is a cell death process that removes toxic and/or useless cells during mammalian development. The apoptotic process is accompanied by shrinkage and fragmentation of the cells and nuclei and degradation of the chromosomal DNA into nucleosomal units. DNA fragmentation factor (DFF) is a heterodimeric protein of 40-kD (DFFB) and 45-kD (DFFA) subunits. DFFA is the substrate for caspase-3 and triggers DNA fragmentation during apoptosis. DFF becomes activated when DFFA is cleaved by caspase-3. The cleaved fragments of DFFA dissociate from DFFB, the active component of DFF. DFFB has been found to trigger both DNA fragmentation and chromatin condensation during apoptosis. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been found for this gene but the biological validity of some of these variants has not been determined. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2013]

nerve growth factor (beta polypeptide)

This gene is a member of the NGF-beta family and encodes a secreted protein which homodimerizes and is incorporated into a larger complex. This protein has nerve growth stimulating activity and the complex is involved in the regulation of growth and the differentiation of sympathetic and certain sensory neurons. Mutations in this gene have been associated with hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy, type 5 (HSAN5), and dysregulation of this gene's expression is associated with allergic rhinitis. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

transcription factor NF-E4-like

fibroblast growth factor 7 pseudogene

fibroblast growth factor 7 pseudogene

nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic, calcineurin-dependent 2 interacting protein

Predicted to be involved in positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Predicted to be located in cytoplasm and nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit s (factor B)

This gene encodes a subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase. Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, utilizing an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. ATP synthase is composed of two linked multi-subunit complexes: the soluble catalytic core, F1, and the membrane-spanning component, Fo, comprising the proton channel. This gene encodes the subunit s, also known as factor B, of the proton channel. This subunit is necessary for the energy transduction activity of the ATP synthase complexes. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

cleavage and polyadenylation factor I subunit 1

This gene encodes a member of the Clp1 family. The encoded protein is a multifunctional kinase which is a component of the tRNA splicing endonuclease complex and a component of the pre-mRNA cleavage complex II. This protein is implicated in tRNA, mRNA, and siRNA maturation. Mutations in this gene are associated with pontocerebellar hypoplasia type 10 (PCH10). Alternatively splice transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2014]

eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha 1 pseudogene 24

eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha 2 pseudogene

eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha 1 pseudogene 21

eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha 1 pseudogene 29

Nerve growth factor, gamma subunit

eukaryotic translation termination factor 1 pseudogene

general transcription factor IIi pseudogene 20

nuclear factor, erythroid 2-like 3 pseudogene

heat shock transcription factor 1

The product of this gene is a transcription factor that is rapidly induced after temperature stress and binds heat shock promoter elements (HSE). This protein plays a role in the regulation of lifespan. Expression of this gene is repressed by phosphorylation, which promotes binding by heat shock protein 90. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2017]

heat shock transcription factor 2

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the HSF family of transcription factors that bind specifically to the heat-shock promoter element and activate transcription. Heat shock transcription factors activate heat-shock response genes under conditions of heat or other stresses. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2011]

heat shock transcription factor family member 5

Enables sequence-specific double-stranded DNA binding activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Predicted to be located in XY body. Predicted to be active in nucleus. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

heat shock transcription factor 4

Heat-shock transcription factors (HSFs) activate heat-shock response genes under conditions of heat or other stresses. HSF4 lacks the carboxyl-terminal hydrophobic repeat which is shared among all vertebrate HSFs and has been suggested to be involved in the negative regulation of DNA binding activity. Two alternatively spliced transcripts encoding distinct isoforms and possessing different transcriptional activity have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

pre-mRNA processing factor 4B

Pre-mRNA splicing occurs in two sequential transesterification steps, and the protein encoded by this gene is thought to be involved in pre-mRNA splicing and in signal transduction. This protein belongs to a kinase family that includes serine/arginine-rich protein-specific kinases and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). This protein is regarded as a CDK-like kinase (Clk) with homology to mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

macrophage stimulating 1 (hepatocyte growth factor-like) pseudogene 2

eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 2 pseudogene 1

eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 2 pseudogene 3

eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 2 pseudogene 2

lipase maturation factor 2

Predicted to be involved in protein maturation. Located in membrane. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 2 pseudogene

BMS1 ribosome biogenesis factor pseudogene 19

BMS1 ribosome biogenesis factor pseudogene 18

BMS1 ribosome biogenesis factor pseudogene 15

BMS1 ribosome biogenesis factor pseudogene 16

BMS1 ribosome biogenesis factor pseudogene 11

BMS1 ribosome biogenesis factor pseudogene 10

BMS1 ribosome biogenesis factor pseudogene 13

BMS1 ribosome biogenesis factor pseudogene 12

N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor pseudogene 1

splicing factor 3b, subunit 4 pseudogene 1

eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 gamma pseudogene 8

eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 gamma pseudogene 3

eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 gamma pseudogene 2

eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 gamma pseudogene 7

eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 gamma pseudogene 6

eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 gamma pseudogene 5

transcription factor 21

TCF21 encodes a transcription factor of the basic helix-loop-helix family. The TCF21 product is mesoderm specific, and expressed in embryonic epicardium, mesenchyme-derived tissues of lung, gut, gonad, and both mesenchymal and glomerular epithelial cells in the kidney. Two transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

ATPase inhibitory factor 1

Enables several functions, including ATPase binding activity; angiostatin binding activity; and mitochondrial proton-transporting ATP synthase complex binding activity. Involved in several processes, including mitochondrial depolarization; negative regulation of endothelial cell proliferation; and positive regulation of metabolic process. Located in cell surface and mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ADP-ribosylation factor-like 11

This gene encodes a tumor suppressor related to the ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF) family of proteins. The encoded protein may play a role in apoptosis in a caspase-dependent manner. Polymorphisms in this gene have been associated with some familial cancers. [provided by RefSeq, May 2010]

ADP-ribosylation factor-like 10

Predicted to enable GTP binding activity and GTPase activity. Located in mitochondrion. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ADP-ribosylation factor-like 15

Predicted to enable GTP binding activity and GTPase activity. Located in extracellular exosome. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]

ADP-ribosylation factor-like 14

Predicted to enable GTP binding activity and GTPase activity. Predicted to be involved in intracellular protein transport and vesicle-mediated transport. Predicted to be located in cytoplasmic vesicle. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]