ACACB Gene

Name	acetyl-CoA carboxylase beta
Description	Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) is a complex multifunctional enzyme system. ACC is a biotin-containing enzyme which catalyzes the carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA, the rate-limiting step in fatty acid synthesis. ACC-beta is thought to control fatty acid oxidation by means of the ability of malonyl-CoA to inhibit carnitine-palmitoyl-CoA transferase I, the rate-limiting step in fatty acid uptake and oxidation by mitochondria. ACC-beta may be involved in the regulation of fatty acid oxidation, rather than fatty acid biosynthesis. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2022]
Summary	{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n ACACB, the gene encoding acetyl‐CoA carboxylase β (commonly referred to as ACCβ or ACC2), is a central enzyme in lipid metabolism. It catalyzes the conversion of acetyl‐CoA to malonyl‐CoA—a metabolite that serves as a key inhibitor of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 and thereby limits the transport of long‐chain fatty acids into mitochondria for oxidation. In many tissues, including skeletal muscle and the heart, this reaction acts as a critical metabolic checkpoint that balances lipogenesis with fatty acid oxidation.\n "}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Numerous studies have demonstrated that AMPK‐mediated phosphorylation of ACCβ (for example, at Ser221) leads to its inhibition, resulting in reduced malonyl‐CoA levels and enhanced fatty acid oxidation during exercise or other metabolic stresses."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "5"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " \n This mechanism couples energy sensing to fuel selection, ensuring that during periods of increased demand the oxidation of fatty acids is upregulated.\n "}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Moreover, genetic ablation or pharmacological inhibition of ACACB in animal models has been shown to increase fatty acid oxidation rates, reduce intratissue lipid accumulation, and improve insulin sensitivity. For instance, whole‐body or tissue‐specific deletion of ACC2 promotes a shift toward increased lipid catabolism, protects against diet-induced obesity, and, in some contexts, preserves myocardial energetics under stress."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "6", "end_ref": "11"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " \n However, some investigations also indicate that selective deletion in certain tissues (e.g., skeletal muscle) may be counteracted by compensatory mechanisms that maintain malonyl‐CoA levels and fatty acid oxidation."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "12"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Collectively, these findings underscore the role of ACACB as an integrative regulator of energy homeostasis: by modulating malonyl‐CoA production, ACCβ adjusts the balance between lipid storage and utilization. This key metabolic control point has emerged as a promising therapeutic target for metabolic disorders—such as obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes—by virtue of its capacity to enhance fatty acid oxidation and mitigate lipid accumulation.\n "}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Sebastian B Jørgensen, Benoit Viollet, Fabrizio Andreelli, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Knockout of the alpha2 but not alpha1 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase isoform abolishes 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-beta-4-ribofuranosidebut not contraction-induced glucose uptake in skeletal muscle."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Biol Chem (2004)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1074/jbc.M306205200"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M306205200"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "14573616"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14573616"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "V B Matthews, M-B Aström, M H S Chan, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Brain-derived neurotrophic factor is produced by skeletal muscle cells in response to contraction and enhances fat oxidation via activation of AMP-activated protein kinase."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Diabetologia (2009)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1007/s00125-009-1364-1"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-009-1364-1"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "19387610"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19387610"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Kei Sakamoto, Afshan McCarthy, Darrin Smith, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Deficiency of LKB1 in skeletal muscle prevents AMPK activation and glucose uptake during contraction."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "EMBO J (2005)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/sj.emboj.7600667"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.emboj.7600667"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "15889149"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15889149"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 4, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Zhi-Ping Chen, Terry J Stephens, Sid Murthy, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Effect of exercise intensity on skeletal muscle AMPK signaling in humans."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Diabetes (2003)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.2337/diabetes.52.9.2205"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.2337/diabetes.52.9.2205"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12941758"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12941758"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 5, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Jørgen F P Wojtaszewski, Marina Mourtzakis, Thore Hillig, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Dissociation of AMPK activity and ACCbeta phosphorylation in human muscle during prolonged exercise."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Biochem Biophys Res Commun (2002)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/s0006-291x(02)02465-8"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-291x(02"}, {"type": "t", "text": "02465-8) PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12413941"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12413941"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 6, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Elizabeth Tomlinson, Ling Fu, Linu John, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Transgenic mice expressing human fibroblast growth factor-19 display increased metabolic rate and decreased adiposity."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Endocrinology (2002)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1210/endo.143.5.8850"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1210/endo.143.5.8850"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "11956156"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11956156"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 7, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Lutfi Abu-Elheiga, Wonkeun Oh, Parichher Kordari, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Acetyl-CoA carboxylase 2 mutant mice are protected against obesity and diabetes induced by high-fat/high-carbohydrate diets."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2003)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1073/pnas.1733877100"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1733877100"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12920182"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12920182"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 8, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cheol Soo Choi, David B Savage, Lutfi Abu-Elheiga, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Continuous fat oxidation in acetyl-CoA carboxylase 2 knockout mice increases total energy expenditure, reduces fat mass, and improves insulin sensitivity."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2007)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1073/pnas.0706794104"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0706794104"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "17923673"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17923673"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 9, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Stephen C Kolwicz, David P Olson, Luke C Marney, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cardiac-specific deletion of acetyl CoA carboxylase 2 prevents metabolic remodeling during pressure-overload hypertrophy."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Circ Res (2012)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.112.268128"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.112.268128"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "22730442"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22730442"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 10, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Wonkeun Oh, Lutfi Abu-Elheiga, Parichher Kordari, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Glucose and fat metabolism in adipose tissue of acetyl-CoA carboxylase 2 knockout mice."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2005)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1073/pnas.0409451102"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0409451102"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "15677334"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15677334"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 11, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "David P Olson, Thomas Pulinilkunnil, Gary W Cline, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Gene knockout of Acc2 has little effect on body weight, fat mass, or food intake."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2010)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1073/pnas.0913492107"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0913492107"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "20368432"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20368432"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 12, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nicolas Dzamko, Jonathan D Schertzer, James G Ryall, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "AMPK-independent pathways regulate skeletal muscle fatty acid oxidation."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Physiol (2008)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1113/jphysiol.2008.159814"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2008.159814"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "18845612"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18845612"}]}]}]}
Synonyms	ACCB, HACC275, ACC2
Proteins	ACACB_HUMAN
NCBI Gene ID	32
API
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Predicted Functions
Co-expressed Genes
Expression in Tissues and Cell Lines

Functional Associations

ACACB has 6,971 functional associations with biological entities spanning 9 categories (molecular profile, organism, chemical, functional term, phrase or reference, disease, phenotype or trait, structural feature, cell line, cell type or tissue, gene, protein or microRNA, sequence feature) extracted from 131 datasets.

Click the + buttons to view associations for ACACB from the datasets below.

If available, associations are ranked by standardized value

Harmonizome 3.0

ACACB Gene

Functional Associations

Please acknowledge the Harmonizome in your publications by citing the following reference(s):

	Dataset	Summary
	Achilles Cell Line Gene Essentiality Profiles	cell lines with fitness changed by ACACB gene knockdown relative to other cell lines from the Achilles Cell Line Gene Essentiality Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Adult Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	tissues with high or low expression of ACACB gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Adult Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Adult Mouse Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	tissues with high or low expression of ACACB gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Adult Mouse Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Aging Dementia and Traumatic Brain Injury Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles	tissue samples with high or low expression of ACACB gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Aging Dementia and Traumatic Brain Injury Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by Microarray	tissue samples with high or low expression of ACACB gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by Microarray dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by RNA-seq	tissue samples with high or low expression of ACACB gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by RNA-seq dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Prenatal Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	tissues with high or low expression of ACACB gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Prenatal Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	BioGPS Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles	cell lines with high or low expression of ACACB gene relative to other cell lines from the BioGPS Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	BioGPS Human Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	cell types and tissues with high or low expression of ACACB gene relative to other cell types and tissues from the BioGPS Human Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles	cell lines with high or low copy number of ACACB gene relative to other cell lines from the CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles	cell lines with high or low expression of ACACB gene relative to other cell lines from the CCLE Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles	cell lines with ACACB gene mutations from the CCLE Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Proteomics	Cell lines associated with ACACB protein from the CCLE Cell Line Proteomics dataset.
	CellMarker Gene-Cell Type Associations	cell types associated with ACACB gene from the CellMarker Gene-Cell Type Associations dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles	transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of ACACB gene from the CHEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Targets	transcription factors binding the promoter of ACACB gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022	transcription factors binding the promoter of ACACB gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022 dataset.
	CMAP Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules	small molecule perturbations changing expression of ACACB gene from the CMAP Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores	cellular components containing ACACB protein from the COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025	cellular components containing ACACB protein from the COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Experimental Protein Localization Evidence Scores	cellular components containing ACACB protein in low- or high-throughput protein localization assays from the COMPARTMENTS Experimental Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores	cellular components co-occuring with ACACB protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025	cellular components co-occuring with ACACB protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	COSMIC Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles	cell lines with high or low copy number of ACACB gene relative to other cell lines from the COSMIC Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset.
	COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles	cell lines with ACACB gene mutations from the COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles dataset.
	CTD Gene-Chemical Interactions	chemicals interacting with ACACB gene/protein from the curated CTD Gene-Chemical Interactions dataset.
	CTD Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with ACACB gene/protein from the curated CTD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
	dbGAP Gene-Trait Associations	traits associated with ACACB gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the dbGAP Gene-Trait Associations dataset.
	DeepCoverMOA Drug Mechanisms of Action	small molecule perturbations with high or low expression of ACACB protein relative to other small molecule perturbations from the DeepCoverMOA Drug Mechanisms of Action dataset.
	DepMap CRISPR Gene Dependency	cell lines with fitness changed by ACACB gene knockdown relative to other cell lines from the DepMap CRISPR Gene Dependency dataset.
	DISEASES Experimental Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025	diseases associated with ACACB gene in GWAS datasets from the DISEASES Experimental Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores	diseases co-occuring with ACACB gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores dataset.
	DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025	diseases co-occuring with ACACB gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with ACACB gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
	DisGeNET Gene-Phenotype Associations	phenotypes associated with ACACB gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Phenoptype Associations dataset.
	DrugBank Drug Targets	interacting drugs for ACACB protein from the curated DrugBank Drug Targets dataset.
	ENCODE Histone Modification Site Profiles	histone modification site profiles with high histone modification abundance at ACACB gene from the ENCODE Histone Modification Site Profiles dataset.
	ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles	transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of ACACB gene from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset.
	ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets	transcription factors binding the promoter of ACACB gene in ChIP-seq datasets from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets dataset.
	ESCAPE Omics Signatures of Genes and Proteins for Stem Cells	PubMedIDs of publications reporting gene signatures containing ACACB from the ESCAPE Omics Signatures of Genes and Proteins for Stem Cells dataset.