ACE Gene

HGNC Family	CD molecules (CD)
Name	angiotensin I converting enzyme
Description	This gene encodes an enzyme involved in blood pressure regulation and electrolyte balance. It catalyzes the conversion of angiotensin I into a physiologically active peptide angiotensin II. Angiotensin II is a potent vasopressor and aldosterone-stimulating peptide that controls blood pressure and fluid-electrolyte balance. This angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) also inactivates the vasodilator protein, bradykinin. Accordingly, the encoded enzyme increases blood pressure and is a drug target of ACE inhibitors, which are often prescribed to reduce blood pressure. This enzyme additionally plays a role in fertility through its ability to cleave and release GPI-anchored membrane proteins in spermatozoa. Many studies have associated the presence or absence of a 287 bp Alu repeat element in this gene with the levels of circulating enzyme. This polymorphism, as well as mutations in this gene, have been implicated in a wide variety of diseases including cardiovascular pathophysiologies, psoriasis, renal disease, stroke, and Alzheimer's disease. Regulation of the homologous ACE2 gene may be involved in progression of disease caused by several human coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding both somatic (sACE) and male-specific testicular (tACE) isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2020]
Summary	{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Angiotensin‐converting enzymes, comprising the classical ACE and its homologue ACE2, play central roles in the regulation of the renin–angiotensin system (RAS) and in diverse pathophysiological processes. The original ACE cleaves angiotensin I into the potent vasoconstrictor angiotensin II, thereby modulating blood pressure, cardiovascular homeostasis, and contributing to vascular remodeling and fibrotic responses (see."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " In contrast, ACE2, which shares structural similarity yet exhibits distinct substrate specificity, functions as a carboxypeptidase that degrades angiotensin II into angiotensin-(1–7), a peptide that antagonizes the vasoconstrictive effects of angiotensin II and thereby exerts protective actions in the heart, kidney, and lung (see."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "3", "end_ref": "6"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n \n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Notably, ACE2 also serves as a functional receptor for coronaviruses such as SARS‐CoV and SARS‑CoV‑2, facilitating viral entry into host cells—a property accentuated by its expression in lung epithelia and the oral mucosa (see."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "3"}, {"type": "fg_f", "ref": "7"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Downregulation of ACE2 upon viral infection has been implicated in exacerbating acute lung injury, as demonstrated in experimental models of H5N1 influenza (see."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "9"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n \n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Beyond its cardinal roles in blood pressure regulation and lung protection, ACE/ACE2 dysregulation has been associated with genetic predisposition to a variety of diseases. Variations in the ACE gene, such as the insertion/deletion polymorphism, have been linked to an increased risk of acute respiratory distress syndrome and ischemic stroke (see."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "10"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Moreover, emerging evidence indicates that ACE expression in vascular smooth muscle cells is subject to post‐transcriptional regulation (for example, via the miR‑143/145 cluster), which may influence vascular contractility and phenotypic switching (see."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "12"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " In addition, structural and kinetic studies have provided insights into the mechanistic differences between ACE and ACE2, paving the way for the development of domain‑selective inhibitors and novel therapeutic strategies to modulate RAS activity (see."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}, {"type": "fg_f", "ref": "13"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n \n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Collectively, these studies underscore the dualistic nature of ACE and ACE2 in maintaining cardiovascular and pulmonary homeostasis. While ACE-driven angiotensin II production promotes vasoconstriction, inflammation, and fibrotic processes, ACE2 counterbalances these effects by generating angiotensin-(1–7), as well as by serving as a critical viral entry point for certain respiratory pathogens. This intricate balance is vital not only for normal physiology but also for the pathogenesis and progression of diverse disease states (see."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "14"}, {"type": "fg_f", "ref": "4"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n \n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Furthermore, ACE-related genetic associations extend to neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease, illustrating the broad physiological impact of ACE function beyond the classical RAS paradigm (see."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "16"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Taken together, these findings highlight the potential of targeting ACE/ACE2 pathways in designing precision therapies for cardiovascular, pulmonary, and inflammatory diseases.\n "}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Ramanathan Natesh, Sylva L U Schwager, Edward D Sturrock, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Crystal structure of the human angiotensin-converting enzyme-lisinopril complex."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nature (2003)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/nature01370"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01370"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12540854"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12540854"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Gillian I Rice, Daniel A Thomas, Peter J Grant, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Evaluation of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), its homologue ACE2 and neprilysin in angiotensin peptide metabolism."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Biochem J (2004)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1042/BJ20040634"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1042/BJ20040634"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "15283675"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15283675"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Wenhui Li, Michael J Moore, Natalya Vasilieva, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS coronavirus."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nature (2003)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/nature02145"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02145"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "14647384"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14647384"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 4, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Keiji Kuba, Yumiko Imai, Shuan Rao, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "A crucial role of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in SARS coronavirus-induced lung injury."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nat Med (2005)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/nm1267"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/nm1267"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "16007097"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16007097"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 5, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Chad Vickers, Paul Hales, Virendar Kaushik, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Hydrolysis of biological peptides by human angiotensin-converting enzyme-related carboxypeptidase."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Biol Chem (2002)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1074/jbc.M200581200"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M200581200"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "11815627"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11815627"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 6, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Paul Towler, Bart Staker, Sridhar G Prasad, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "ACE2 X-ray structures reveal a large hinge-bending motion important for inhibitor binding and catalysis."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Biol Chem (2004)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1074/jbc.M311191200"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M311191200"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "14754895"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14754895"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 7, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Yumiko Imai, Keiji Kuba, Shuan Rao, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 protects from severe acute lung failure."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nature (2005)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/nature03712"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03712"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "16001071"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16001071"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 8, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Hao Xu, Liang Zhong, Jiaxin Deng, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "High expression of ACE2 receptor of 2019-nCoV on the epithelial cells of oral mucosa."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Int J Oral Sci (2020)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/s41368-020-0074-x"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41368-020-0074-x"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "32094336"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32094336"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 9, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Zhen Zou, Yiwu Yan, Yuelong Shu, et al. 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Synonyms	CD143, MVCD3, ACE1, DCP, DCP1
Proteins	ACE_HUMAN
NCBI Gene ID	1636
API
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Predicted Functions
Co-expressed Genes
Expression in Tissues and Cell Lines

Functional Associations

ACE has 16,791 functional associations with biological entities spanning 9 categories (molecular profile, organism, disease, phenotype or trait, chemical, functional term, phrase or reference, structural feature, cell line, cell type or tissue, gene, protein or microRNA, sequence feature) extracted from 121 datasets.

Click the + buttons to view associations for ACE from the datasets below.

If available, associations are ranked by standardized value

Harmonizome 3.0

ACE Gene

Functional Associations

Please acknowledge the Harmonizome in your publications by citing the following reference(s):

	Dataset	Summary
	Allen Brain Atlas Adult Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	tissues with high or low expression of ACE gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Adult Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Adult Mouse Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	tissues with high or low expression of ACE gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Adult Mouse Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by Microarray	tissue samples with high or low expression of ACE gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by Microarray dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by RNA-seq	tissue samples with high or low expression of ACE gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by RNA-seq dataset.
	BioGPS Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles	cell lines with high or low expression of ACE gene relative to other cell lines from the BioGPS Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	BioGPS Human Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	cell types and tissues with high or low expression of ACE gene relative to other cell types and tissues from the BioGPS Human Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles	cell lines with high or low copy number of ACE gene relative to other cell lines from the CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles	cell lines with high or low expression of ACE gene relative to other cell lines from the CCLE Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Proteomics	Cell lines associated with ACE protein from the CCLE Cell Line Proteomics dataset.
	CellMarker Gene-Cell Type Associations	cell types associated with ACE gene from the CellMarker Gene-Cell Type Associations dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles	transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of ACE gene from the CHEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Targets	transcription factors binding the promoter of ACE gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022	transcription factors binding the promoter of ACE gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022 dataset.
	ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations	phenotypes associated with ACE gene from the curated ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations dataset.
	CMAP Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules	small molecule perturbations changing expression of ACE gene from the CMAP Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores	cellular components containing ACE protein from the COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025	cellular components containing ACE protein from the COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores	cellular components co-occuring with ACE protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025	cellular components co-occuring with ACE protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	COSMIC Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles	cell lines with high or low copy number of ACE gene relative to other cell lines from the COSMIC Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset.
	COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles	cell lines with ACE gene mutations from the COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles dataset.
	CTD Gene-Chemical Interactions	chemicals interacting with ACE gene/protein from the curated CTD Gene-Chemical Interactions dataset.
	CTD Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with ACE gene/protein from the curated CTD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
	dbGAP Gene-Trait Associations	traits associated with ACE gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the dbGAP Gene-Trait Associations dataset.
	DeepCoverMOA Drug Mechanisms of Action	small molecule perturbations with high or low expression of ACE protein relative to other small molecule perturbations from the DeepCoverMOA Drug Mechanisms of Action dataset.
	DepMap CRISPR Gene Dependency	cell lines with fitness changed by ACE gene knockdown relative to other cell lines from the DepMap CRISPR Gene Dependency dataset.
	DISEASES Experimental Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025	diseases associated with ACE gene in GWAS datasets from the DISEASES Experimental Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores	diseases co-occuring with ACE gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores dataset.
	DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025	diseases co-occuring with ACE gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with ACE gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
	DisGeNET Gene-Phenotype Associations	phenotypes associated with ACE gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Phenoptype Associations dataset.
	DrugBank Drug Targets	interacting drugs for ACE protein from the curated DrugBank Drug Targets dataset.
	ENCODE Histone Modification Site Profiles	histone modification site profiles with high histone modification abundance at ACE gene from the ENCODE Histone Modification Site Profiles dataset.
	ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles	transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of ACE gene from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset.
	ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets	transcription factors binding the promoter of ACE gene in ChIP-seq datasets from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets dataset.
	ESCAPE Omics Signatures of Genes and Proteins for Stem Cells	PubMedIDs of publications reporting gene signatures containing ACE from the ESCAPE Omics Signatures of Genes and Proteins for Stem Cells dataset.
	GAD Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with ACE gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the GAD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
	GAD High Level Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with ACE gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the GAD High Level Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
	GDSC Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles	cell lines with high or low expression of ACE gene relative to other cell lines from the GDSC Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	GeneRIF Biological Term Annotations	biological terms co-occuring with ACE gene in literature-supported statements describing functions of genes from the GeneRIF Biological Term Annotations dataset.