{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Recent studies have revealed that the actin filament–associated protein (AFAP1) plays dual roles in the regulation of cytoskeletal dynamics and cancer progression. At the protein level, AFAP1 (also known as AFAP‐110) functions as a scaffold that relays signals from activated protein kinase Cα to the nonreceptor tyrosine kinase c‐Src, thereby promoting the formation of podosomes, stress fibers, and focal adhesions that are critical for cell adhesion, migration, and invasion."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "4"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " In addition, AFAP1 is expressed in specialized cell types such as retinal ganglion cells, suggesting its involvement in ocular physiology and possibly in the pathogenesis of glaucoma."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "5"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n In parallel, the long noncoding RNA transcribed from the antisense strand of the AFAP1 gene (AFAP1‐AS1) has emerged as an oncogenic regulator in a broad spectrum of cancers including nasopharyngeal, esophageal, lung, pancreatic, colorectal, and breast carcinomas. Overexpression of AFAP1‐AS1 is associated with enhanced cell proliferation, migration, invasion, epithelial–mesenchymal transition, and metastasis, thereby correlating with poor clinical outcomes."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "6", "end_ref": "9"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Mechanistic studies indicate that AFAP1‐AS1 modulates actin filament integrity by influencing the expression of key molecules in cytoskeletal regulation and can affect the protein level of its sense counterpart, AFAP1, either directly or via interactions with regulatory factors such as EZH2 and SNIP1."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "10", "end_ref": "13"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Collectively, these findings underscore a dual role for the AFAP1 gene locus – with its protein product mediating signal transduction and cytoskeletal organization, and its antisense lncRNA (AFAP1‐AS1) functioning as a key modulator of oncogenic processes through regulation of actin dynamics and associated signaling pathways. These insights not only improve our understanding of cell motility and adhesion in normal and diseased states but also identify potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets in cancer and other disorders.\n "}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Amanda Gatesman, Valerie G Walker, Joseph M Baisden, et al. 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