| Name | amylase, alpha 1B (salivary) |
| Description | Amylases are secreted proteins that hydrolyze 1,4-alpha-glucoside bonds in oligosaccharides and polysaccharides, and thus catalyze the first step in digestion of dietary starch and glycogen. The human genome has a cluster of several amylase genes that are expressed at high levels in either salivary gland or pancreas. This gene encodes an amylase isoenzyme produced by the salivary gland. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008] |
| Summary |
{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Salivary α‐amylase—encoded by the AMY1 gene family (including isoforms such as AMY1B)—is a multifunctional enzyme that plays a pivotal role in both digestion and stress physiology. In the oral cavity, it initiates the hydrolysis of dietary starch into maltose, maltotriose, and larger oligosaccharides, thereby rapidly reducing starch viscosity during mastication and influencing taste perception and subsequent nutritional intake."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " In addition, natural genetic variation and copy number differences in the AMY1 gene have been linked to significant inter‐individual variability in salivary amylase levels and enzymatic activity. Such differences have been associated with dietary adaptation and metabolic outcomes, with higher copy numbers relating to a more efficient starch digestion and even a lower risk of obesity in certain populations."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "3"}, {"type": "fg_f", "ref": "2"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n \n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Besides its digestive function, salivary α‐amylase serves as a marker of sympathetic nervous system activation. Its activity increases in response to a range of stressors—both psychosocial and physical—reflecting the engagement of the autonomic nervous system during acute stress responses."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "4"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Moreover, the enzyme’s capacity to bind oral bacteria may influence the early formation of dental plaque, thereby playing a role in maintaining oral health."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "6"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n \n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Collectively, these findings highlight that AMY1B, through its product salivary α‐amylase, not only facilitates the initial digestion of starch but also contributes to metabolic regulation, stress reactivity, and oral ecological balance. Such multifunctionality underscores its importance in both gastrointestinal and neurophysiological processes.\n "}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Abigail L Mandel, Catherine Peyrot des Gachons, Kimberly L Plank, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Individual differences in AMY1 gene copy number, salivary α-amylase levels, and the perception of oral starch."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "PLoS One (2010)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1371/journal.pone.0013352"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0013352"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "20967220"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20967220"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J L Santos, E Saus, S V Smalley, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Copy number polymorphism of the salivary amylase gene: implications in human nutrition research."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Nutrigenet Nutrigenomics (2012)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1159/000339951"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1159/000339951"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "22965187"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22965187"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "María A Mejía-Benítez, Amélie Bonnefond, Loïc Yengo, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Beneficial effect of a high number of copies of salivary amylase AMY1 gene on obesity risk in Mexican children."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Diabetologia (2015)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1007/s00125-014-3441-3"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-014-3441-3"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "25394825"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25394825"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 4, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Urs M Nater, Nicolas Rohleder, Jens Gaab, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Human salivary alpha-amylase reactivity in a psychosocial stress paradigm."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Int J Psychophysiol (2005)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2004.09.009"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2004.09.009"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "15708646"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15708646"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 5, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Sabrina K Segal, Carl W Cotman, Lawrence F Cahill "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Exercise-induced noradrenergic activation enhances memory consolidation in both normal aging and patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Alzheimers Dis (2012)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.3233/JAD-2012-121078"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-2012-121078"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "22914593"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22914593"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 6, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Chandran Ragunath, Suba G A Manuel, Venkat Venkataraman, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Probing the role of aromatic residues at the secondary saccharide-binding sites of human salivary alpha-amylase in substrate hydrolysis and bacterial binding."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Mol Biol (2008)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.jmb.2008.09.089"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2008.09.089"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "18951906"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18951906"}]}]}]}
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| NCBI Gene ID | 277 |
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| Predicted Functions |
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| Co-expressed Genes |
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| Expression in Tissues and Cell Lines |
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AMY1B has 2,302 functional associations with biological entities spanning 6 categories (molecular profile, functional term, phrase or reference, disease, phenotype or trait, chemical, cell line, cell type or tissue, gene, protein or microRNA) extracted from 48 datasets.
Click the + buttons to view associations for AMY1B from the datasets below.
If available, associations are ranked by standardized value
| Dataset | Summary | |
|---|---|---|
| Allen Brain Atlas Adult Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles | tissues with high or low expression of AMY1B gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Adult Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| Allen Brain Atlas Aging Dementia and Traumatic Brain Injury Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles | tissue samples with high or low expression of AMY1B gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Aging Dementia and Traumatic Brain Injury Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| Allen Brain Atlas Prenatal Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles | tissues with high or low expression of AMY1B gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Prenatal Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| ChEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles | transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of AMY1B gene from the CHEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset. | |
| ChEA Transcription Factor Targets | transcription factors binding the promoter of AMY1B gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets dataset. | |
| ChEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022 | transcription factors binding the promoter of AMY1B gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022 dataset. | |
| CM4AI KOLF21J CRISPRi Gene Perturbation Atlas | gene perturbations changing expression of AMY1B gene from the CM4AI KOLF21J CRISPRi Gene Perturbation Atlas dataset. | |
| COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores | cellular components containing AMY1B protein from the COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset. | |
| COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores | cellular components co-occuring with AMY1B protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset. | |
| COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 | cellular components co-occuring with AMY1B protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 dataset. | |
| COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles | cell lines with AMY1B gene mutations from the COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles dataset. | |
| DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores | diseases co-occuring with AMY1B gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores dataset. | |
| DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025 | diseases co-occuring with AMY1B gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores 2025 dataset. | |
| DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations | diseases associated with AMY1B gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations dataset. | |
| DisGeNET Gene-Phenotype Associations | phenotypes associated with AMY1B gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Phenoptype Associations dataset. | |
| ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles | transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of AMY1B gene from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset. | |
| ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets | transcription factors binding the promoter of AMY1B gene in ChIP-seq datasets from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets dataset. | |
| ESCAPE Omics Signatures of Genes and Proteins for Stem Cells | PubMedIDs of publications reporting gene signatures containing AMY1B from the ESCAPE Omics Signatures of Genes and Proteins for Stem Cells dataset. | |
| GAD Gene-Disease Associations | diseases associated with AMY1B gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the GAD Gene-Disease Associations dataset. | |
| GAD High Level Gene-Disease Associations | diseases associated with AMY1B gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the GAD High Level Gene-Disease Associations dataset. | |
| GeneRIF Biological Term Annotations | biological terms co-occuring with AMY1B gene in literature-supported statements describing functions of genes from the GeneRIF Biological Term Annotations dataset. | |
| GeneSigDB Published Gene Signatures | PubMedIDs of publications reporting gene signatures containing AMY1B from the GeneSigDB Published Gene Signatures dataset. | |
| GO Biological Process Annotations 2023 | biological processes involving AMY1B gene from the curated GO Biological Process Annotations 2023 dataset. | |
| GO Biological Process Annotations 2025 | biological processes involving AMY1B gene from the curated GO Biological Process Annotations2025 dataset. | |
| GO Molecular Function Annotations 2023 | molecular functions performed by AMY1B gene from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2023 dataset. | |
| GO Molecular Function Annotations 2025 | molecular functions performed by AMY1B gene from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2025 dataset. | |
| GTEx Tissue Gene Expression Profiles | tissues with high or low expression of AMY1B gene relative to other tissues from the GTEx Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| GTEx Tissue Gene Expression Profiles 2023 | tissues with high or low expression of AMY1B gene relative to other tissues from the GTEx Tissue Gene Expression Profiles 2023 dataset. | |
| HPA Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles | cell lines with high or low expression of AMY1B gene relative to other cell lines from the HPA Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| HPA Tissue Gene Expression Profiles | tissues with high or low expression of AMY1B gene relative to other tissues from the HPA Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| HPA Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles | tissue samples with high or low expression of AMY1B gene relative to other tissue samples from the HPA Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| JASPAR Predicted Human Transcription Factor Targets 2025 | transcription factors regulating expression of AMY1B gene predicted using known transcription factor binding site motifs from the JASPAR Predicted Human Transcription Factor Targets dataset. | |
| JASPAR Predicted Transcription Factor Targets | transcription factors regulating expression of AMY1B gene predicted using known transcription factor binding site motifs from the JASPAR Predicted Transcription Factor Targets dataset. | |
| KEGG Pathways | pathways involving AMY1B protein from the KEGG Pathways dataset. | |
| KEGG Pathways 2026 | pathways involving AMY1B protein from the KEGG Pathways 2026 dataset. | |
| Klijn et al., Nat. Biotechnol., 2015 Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles | cell lines with high or low copy number of AMY1B gene relative to other cell lines from the Klijn et al., Nat. Biotechnol., 2015 Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset. | |
| MiRTarBase microRNA Targets | microRNAs targeting AMY1B gene in low- or high-throughput microRNA targeting studies from the MiRTarBase microRNA Targets dataset. | |
| MW Enzyme Metabolite Associations | interacting metabolites for AMY1B protein from the MW Gene Metabolite Associations dataset. | |
| NURSA Protein Complexes | protein complexs containing AMY1B protein recovered by IP-MS from the NURSA Protein Complexes dataset. | |
| Reactome Pathways 2014 | pathways involving AMY1B protein from the Reactome Pathways dataset. | |
| Rummagene Transcription Factor Associations 2026 | transcription factors regulating expression of AMY1B gene from the Rummagene Transcription Factor Associations 2026 dataset. | |
| RummaGEO Drug Perturbation Signatures | drug perturbations changing expression of AMY1B gene from the RummaGEO Drug Perturbation Signatures dataset. | |
| RummaGEO Gene Perturbation Signatures | gene perturbations changing expression of AMY1B gene from the RummaGEO Gene Perturbation Signatures dataset. | |
| TargetScan Predicted Nonconserved microRNA Targets | microRNAs regulating expression of AMY1B gene predicted using nonconserved miRNA seed sequences from the TargetScan Predicted Nonconserved microRNA Targets dataset. | |
| TISSUES Curated Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores | tissues with high expression of AMY1B protein from the TISSUES Curated Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores dataset. | |
| TISSUES Experimental Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores 2025 | tissues with high expression of AMY1B protein in proteomics datasets from the TISSUES Experimental Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores 2025 dataset. | |
| TISSUES Text-mining Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores | tissues co-occuring with AMY1B protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the TISSUES Text-mining Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores dataset. | |
| TISSUES Text-mining Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores 2025 | tissues co-occuring with AMY1B protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the TISSUES Text-mining Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores 2025 dataset. | |
