| Name | amylase, alpha 1C (salivary) |
| Description | Amylases are secreted proteins that hydrolyze 1,4-alpha-glucoside bonds in oligosaccharides and polysaccharides, and thus catalyze the first step in digestion of dietary starch and glycogen. The human genome has a cluster of several amylase genes that are expressed at high levels in either salivary gland or pancreas. This gene encodes an amylase isoenzyme produced by the salivary gland. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008] |
| Summary |
{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n The AMY1C gene product—one of the salivary α‐amylases encoded by the AMY1 locus—plays a dual role in human physiology. On the one hand, it is principally responsible for the initial hydrolysis of dietary starch into maltose, maltotriose and larger oligosaccharides, an activity that not only facilitates digestion but also alters the oral perception of starch viscosity."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " On the other hand, its secretion in saliva is highly dynamic, with activity levels that increase in response to psychosocial stress, making it a noninvasive biomarker of sympathoadrenal activation."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "2"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Genetic variation at the AMY1 locus—including differences in copy number that encompass variants such as AMY1C—has been shown to affect the concentration and enzymatic efficacy of salivary amylase. Such variation is linked not only to individual differences in starch digestion and oral sensory responses but also, in certain populations, to metabolic outcomes including obesity risk."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "3", "end_ref": "5"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Moreover, the enzyme’s secondary binding interfaces contribute to interactions with the oral cavity’s hard surfaces and resident bacterial flora, thereby influencing dental plaque formation."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "6"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Finally, studies exploring the salivary proteome further underscore that both the amount of total and glycosylated enzyme—as determined in part by AMY1 copy number—are central to regulating its function under basal and stimulated conditions."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "7"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Abigail L Mandel, Catherine Peyrot des Gachons, Kimberly L Plank, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Individual differences in AMY1 gene copy number, salivary α-amylase levels, and the perception of oral starch."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "PLoS One (2010)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1371/journal.pone.0013352"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0013352"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "20967220"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20967220"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Urs M Nater, Nicolas Rohleder, Jens Gaab, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Human salivary alpha-amylase reactivity in a psychosocial stress paradigm."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Int J Psychophysiol (2005)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2004.09.009"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2004.09.009"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "15708646"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15708646"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "María A Mejía-Benítez, Amélie Bonnefond, Loïc Yengo, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Beneficial effect of a high number of copies of salivary amylase AMY1 gene on obesity risk in Mexican children."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Diabetologia (2015)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1007/s00125-014-3441-3"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-014-3441-3"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "25394825"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25394825"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 4, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Christina L Usher, Robert E Handsaker, Tõnu Esko, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Structural forms of the human amylase locus and their relationships to SNPs, haplotypes and obesity."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nat Genet (2015)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/ng.3340"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.3340"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "26098870"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26098870"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 5, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Heli Viljakainen, Johanna C Andersson-Assarsson, Miriam Armenio, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Low Copy Number of the AMY1 Locus Is Associated with Early-Onset Female Obesity in Finland."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "PLoS One (2015)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1371/journal.pone.0131883"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0131883"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "26132294"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26132294"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 6, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Chandran Ragunath, Suba G A Manuel, Venkat Venkataraman, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Probing the role of aromatic residues at the secondary saccharide-binding sites of human salivary alpha-amylase in substrate hydrolysis and bacterial binding."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Mol Biol (2008)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.jmb.2008.09.089"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2008.09.089"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "18951906"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18951906"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 7, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J L Santos, E Saus, S V Smalley, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Copy number polymorphism of the salivary amylase gene: implications in human nutrition research."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Nutrigenet Nutrigenomics (2012)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1159/000339951"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1159/000339951"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "22965187"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22965187"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 8, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Ze-Min Yang, Jing Lin, Long-Hui Chen, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The roles of AMY1 copies and protein expression in human salivary α-amylase activity."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Physiol Behav (2015)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.10.037"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.10.037"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "25446200"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25446200"}]}]}]}
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| NCBI Gene ID | 278 |
| API | |
| Download Associations | |
| Predicted Functions |
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| Co-expressed Genes |
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| Expression in Tissues and Cell Lines |
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AMY1C has 933 functional associations with biological entities spanning 7 categories (molecular profile, organism, functional term, phrase or reference, disease, phenotype or trait, chemical, cell line, cell type or tissue, gene, protein or microRNA) extracted from 51 datasets.
Click the + buttons to view associations for AMY1C from the datasets below.
If available, associations are ranked by standardized value
| Dataset | Summary | |
|---|---|---|
| Allen Brain Atlas Aging Dementia and Traumatic Brain Injury Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles | tissue samples with high or low expression of AMY1C gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Aging Dementia and Traumatic Brain Injury Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| ChEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles | transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of AMY1C gene from the CHEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset. | |
| ChEA Transcription Factor Targets | transcription factors binding the promoter of AMY1C gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets dataset. | |
| ChEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022 | transcription factors binding the promoter of AMY1C gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022 dataset. | |
| CM4AI KOLF21J CRISPRi Gene Perturbation Atlas | gene perturbations changing expression of AMY1C gene from the CM4AI KOLF21J CRISPRi Gene Perturbation Atlas dataset. | |
| COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores | cellular components containing AMY1C protein from the COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset. | |
| COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores | cellular components co-occuring with AMY1C protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset. | |
| COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 | cellular components co-occuring with AMY1C protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 dataset. | |
| COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles | cell lines with AMY1C gene mutations from the COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles dataset. | |
| DISEASES Experimental Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025 | diseases associated with AMY1C gene in GWAS datasets from the DISEASES Experimental Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores 2025 dataset. | |
| DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores | diseases co-occuring with AMY1C gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores dataset. | |
| DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025 | diseases co-occuring with AMY1C gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores 2025 dataset. | |
| DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations | diseases associated with AMY1C gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations dataset. | |
| DisGeNET Gene-Phenotype Associations | phenotypes associated with AMY1C gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Phenoptype Associations dataset. | |
| ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles | transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of AMY1C gene from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset. | |
| ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets | transcription factors binding the promoter of AMY1C gene in ChIP-seq datasets from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets dataset. | |
| GeneRIF Biological Term Annotations | biological terms co-occuring with AMY1C gene in literature-supported statements describing functions of genes from the GeneRIF Biological Term Annotations dataset. | |
| GeneSigDB Published Gene Signatures | PubMedIDs of publications reporting gene signatures containing AMY1C from the GeneSigDB Published Gene Signatures dataset. | |
| GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules | small molecule perturbations changing expression of AMY1C gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules dataset. | |
| GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Viral Infections | virus perturbations changing expression of AMY1C gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Viral Infections dataset. | |
| GlyGen Glycosylated Proteins | ligands (chemical) binding AMY1C protein from the GlyGen Glycosylated Proteins dataset. | |
| GO Biological Process Annotations 2023 | biological processes involving AMY1C gene from the curated GO Biological Process Annotations 2023 dataset. | |
| GO Biological Process Annotations 2025 | biological processes involving AMY1C gene from the curated GO Biological Process Annotations2025 dataset. | |
| GO Molecular Function Annotations 2023 | molecular functions performed by AMY1C gene from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2023 dataset. | |
| GO Molecular Function Annotations 2025 | molecular functions performed by AMY1C gene from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2025 dataset. | |
| GTEx Tissue Gene Expression Profiles | tissues with high or low expression of AMY1C gene relative to other tissues from the GTEx Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| GTEx Tissue Gene Expression Profiles 2023 | tissues with high or low expression of AMY1C gene relative to other tissues from the GTEx Tissue Gene Expression Profiles 2023 dataset. | |
| GWAS Catalog SNP-Phenotype Associations 2025 | phenotypes associated with AMY1C gene in GWAS datasets from the GWAS Catalog SNP-Phenotype Associations 2025 dataset. | |
| HPA Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles | cell lines with high or low expression of AMY1C gene relative to other cell lines from the HPA Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| HPA Tissue Gene Expression Profiles | tissues with high or low expression of AMY1C gene relative to other tissues from the HPA Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| HPA Tissue Protein Expression Profiles | tissues with high or low expression of AMY1C protein relative to other tissues from the HPA Tissue Protein Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| HPA Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles | tissue samples with high or low expression of AMY1C gene relative to other tissue samples from the HPA Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| JASPAR Predicted Human Transcription Factor Targets 2025 | transcription factors regulating expression of AMY1C gene predicted using known transcription factor binding site motifs from the JASPAR Predicted Human Transcription Factor Targets dataset. | |
| JASPAR Predicted Transcription Factor Targets | transcription factors regulating expression of AMY1C gene predicted using known transcription factor binding site motifs from the JASPAR Predicted Transcription Factor Targets dataset. | |
| KEGG Pathways | pathways involving AMY1C protein from the KEGG Pathways dataset. | |
| KEGG Pathways 2026 | pathways involving AMY1C protein from the KEGG Pathways 2026 dataset. | |
| Klijn et al., Nat. Biotechnol., 2015 Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles | cell lines with high or low copy number of AMY1C gene relative to other cell lines from the Klijn et al., Nat. Biotechnol., 2015 Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset. | |
| KnockTF Gene Expression Profiles with Transcription Factor Perturbations | transcription factor perturbations changing expression of AMY1C gene from the KnockTF Gene Expression Profiles with Transcription Factor Perturbations dataset. | |
| MiRTarBase microRNA Targets | microRNAs targeting AMY1C gene in low- or high-throughput microRNA targeting studies from the MiRTarBase microRNA Targets dataset. | |
| MW Enzyme Metabolite Associations | interacting metabolites for AMY1C protein from the MW Gene Metabolite Associations dataset. | |
| NURSA Protein Complexes | protein complexs containing AMY1C protein recovered by IP-MS from the NURSA Protein Complexes dataset. | |
| Roadmap Epigenomics Cell and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles | cell types and tissues with high or low expression of AMY1C gene relative to other cell types and tissues from the Roadmap Epigenomics Cell and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| Rummagene Transcription Factor Associations 2026 | transcription factors regulating expression of AMY1C gene from the Rummagene Transcription Factor Associations 2026 dataset. | |
| RummaGEO Drug Perturbation Signatures | drug perturbations changing expression of AMY1C gene from the RummaGEO Drug Perturbation Signatures dataset. | |
| RummaGEO Gene Perturbation Signatures | gene perturbations changing expression of AMY1C gene from the RummaGEO Gene Perturbation Signatures dataset. | |
| TargetScan Predicted Nonconserved microRNA Targets | microRNAs regulating expression of AMY1C gene predicted using nonconserved miRNA seed sequences from the TargetScan Predicted Nonconserved microRNA Targets dataset. | |
| TISSUES Curated Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores | tissues with high expression of AMY1C protein from the TISSUES Curated Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores dataset. | |
| TISSUES Experimental Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores | tissues with high expression of AMY1C protein in proteomics datasets from the TISSUES Experimental Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores dataset. | |
| TISSUES Experimental Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores 2025 | tissues with high expression of AMY1C protein in proteomics datasets from the TISSUES Experimental Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores 2025 dataset. | |
| TISSUES Text-mining Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores | tissues co-occuring with AMY1C protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the TISSUES Text-mining Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores dataset. | |
| TISSUES Text-mining Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores 2025 | tissues co-occuring with AMY1C protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the TISSUES Text-mining Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores 2025 dataset. | |
