APOH Gene

HGNC Family	Apolipoproteins (APO)
Name	apolipoprotein H (beta-2-glycoprotein I)
Description	Apolipoprotein H, also known as beta-2-glycoprotein I, is a component of circulating plasma lipoproteins. It has been implicated in a variety of physiologic pathways including lipoprotein metabolism, coagulation, hemostasis, and the production of antiphospholipid autoantibodies. APOH may be a required cofactor for anionic phospholipid binding by the antiphospholipid autoantibodies found in sera of many patients with lupus and primary antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). The anti-beta (2) glycoprotein I antibodies from APS patients, mediate inhibition of activated protein C which has anticoagulant properties. Because beta-2-GPI is the main autoantigen in patients with APS, the disruption of this pathway by autoantibodies may be an important mechanism for thrombosis in patients with APS.[provided by RefSeq, Dec 2019]
Summary	{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Apolipoprotein H (APOH), also known as β<sub>2</sub>-glycoprotein I, is a multifunctional plasma protein that plays a central role at the interface of hemostasis and innate immunity. In physiological settings, APOH binds anionic phospholipids—particularly on apoptotic cells and activated endothelium—thereby facilitating their recognition and clearance by phagocytes."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " In the antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), autoantibodies directed against specific epitopes of APOH (notably within its domain I) are strongly associated with thrombotic events and adverse obstetric outcomes."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "2", "end_ref": "4"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " The dimerization of APOH increases its binding affinity for anionic phospholipids and predisposes platelets to abnormal activation through interactions with receptors such as apolipoprotein E receptor 2′ (apoER2′) and glycoprotein Ibα."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "5"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Furthermore, APOH can form stable complexes with oxidized low‐density lipoprotein (oxLDL), a process that has been implicated in autoimmune-mediated atherogenesis."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "7"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " In addition, interactions of APOH with microbial proteins—such as the binding of the staphylococcal protein Sbi—suggest a role in modulating pathogen recognition and complement regulation."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "9"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Finally, the presence and persistence of anti-APOH autoantibodies not only serve as key biomarkers for APS but also contribute directly to the enhanced platelet–leukocyte aggregate formation and thrombosis observed in vivo."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "10"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Thus, through its dual capacity to bind phospholipid surfaces and to engage with specific cellular receptors, APOH is integral to maintaining vascular homeostasis under normal conditions, while its recognition by autoantibodies in pathological states links innate immune responses with thrombotic and atherogenic processes."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "12"}, {"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Sourindra N Maiti, Krishnakumar Balasubramanian, Johanna A Ramoth, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Beta-2-glycoprotein 1-dependent macrophage uptake of apoptotic cells. Binding to lipoprotein receptor-related protein receptor family members."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Biol Chem (2008)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1074/jbc.M704990200"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M704990200"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "18073216"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18073216"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "B de Laat, V Pengo, I Pabinger, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The association between circulating antibodies against domain I of beta2-glycoprotein I and thrombosis: an international multicenter study."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Thromb Haemost (2009)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1111/j.1538-7836.2009.03588.x"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-7836.2009.03588.x"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "19694946"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19694946"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "G Michael Iverson, Stephen Reddel, Edward J Victoria, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Use of single point mutations in domain I of beta 2-glycoprotein I to determine fine antigenic specificity of antiphospholipid autoantibodies."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Immunol (2002)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.4049/jimmunol.169.12.7097"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.169.12.7097"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12471146"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12471146"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 4, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Adriana Danowski, Thomas S Kickler, Michelle Petri "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Anti-beta2-glycoprotein I: prevalence, clinical correlations, and importance of persistent positivity in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Rheumatol (2006)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "16960938"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16960938"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 5, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "M T T Pennings, R H W M Derksen, M van Lummel, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Platelet adhesion to dimeric beta-glycoprotein I under conditions of flow is mediated by at least two receptors: glycoprotein Ibalpha and apolipoprotein E receptor 2'."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Thromb Haemost (2007)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1111/j.1538-7836.2007.02310.x"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-7836.2007.02310.x"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "17096706"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17096706"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 6, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "M T T Pennings, M van Lummel, R H W M Derksen, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Interaction of beta2-glycoprotein I with members of the low density lipoprotein receptor family."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Thromb Haemost (2006)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1111/j.1538-7836.2006.02036.x"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-7836.2006.02036.x"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "16879209"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16879209"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 7, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Kazuko Kobayashi, Makoto Kishi, Tatsuya Atsumi, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Circulating oxidized LDL forms complexes with beta2-glycoprotein I: implication as an atherogenic autoantigen."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Lipid Res (2003)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1194/jlr.M200329-JLR200"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1194/jlr.M200329-JLR200"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12562869"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12562869"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 8, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Masako Tabuchi, Katsumi Inoue, Hitomi Usui-Kataoka, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The association of C-reactive protein with an oxidative metabolite of LDL and its implication in atherosclerosis."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Lipid Res (2007)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1194/jlr.M600414-JLR200"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1194/jlr.M600414-JLR200"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "17261875"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17261875"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 9, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Katrin Haupt, Michael Reuter, Jean van den Elsen, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The Staphylococcus aureus protein Sbi acts as a complement inhibitor and forms a tripartite complex with host complement Factor H and C3b."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "PLoS Pathog (2008)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1371/journal.ppat.1000250"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000250"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "19112495"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19112495"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 10, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Fabio Fischetti, Paolo Durigutto, Valentina Pellis, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Thrombus formation induced by antibodies to beta2-glycoprotein I is complement dependent and requires a priming factor."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Blood (2005)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1182/blood-2005-03-1319"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2005-03-1319"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "15956288"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15956288"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 11, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Antonio Serrano, Florencio García, Manuel Serrano, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "IgA antibodies against β2 glycoprotein I in hemodialysis patients are an independent risk factor for mortality."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Kidney Int (2012)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/ki.2011.477"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/ki.2011.477"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "22358146"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22358146"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 12, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Bianca C H Lutters, Ronald H W M Derksen, Winnie L Tekelenburg, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Dimers of beta 2-glycoprotein I increase platelet deposition to collagen via interaction with phospholipids and the apolipoprotein E receptor 2'."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Biol Chem (2003)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1074/jbc.M212655200"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M212655200"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12807892"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12807892"}]}]}]}
Synonyms	BG, B2GP1, B2G1
Proteins	APOH_HUMAN
NCBI Gene ID	350
API
Download Associations
Predicted Functions
Co-expressed Genes
Expression in Tissues and Cell Lines

Functional Associations

APOH has 7,361 functional associations with biological entities spanning 8 categories (molecular profile, organism, chemical, functional term, phrase or reference, disease, phenotype or trait, structural feature, cell line, cell type or tissue, gene, protein or microRNA) extracted from 115 datasets.

Click the + buttons to view associations for APOH from the datasets below.

If available, associations are ranked by standardized value

Harmonizome 3.0

APOH Gene

Functional Associations

Please acknowledge the Harmonizome in your publications by citing the following reference(s):

	Dataset	Summary
	Achilles Cell Line Gene Essentiality Profiles	cell lines with fitness changed by APOH gene knockdown relative to other cell lines from the Achilles Cell Line Gene Essentiality Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Adult Mouse Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	tissues with high or low expression of APOH gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Adult Mouse Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Aging Dementia and Traumatic Brain Injury Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles	tissue samples with high or low expression of APOH gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Aging Dementia and Traumatic Brain Injury Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by Microarray	tissue samples with high or low expression of APOH gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by Microarray dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Prenatal Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	tissues with high or low expression of APOH gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Prenatal Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	BioGPS Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles	cell lines with high or low expression of APOH gene relative to other cell lines from the BioGPS Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	BioGPS Human Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	cell types and tissues with high or low expression of APOH gene relative to other cell types and tissues from the BioGPS Human Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	BioGPS Mouse Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	cell types and tissues with high or low expression of APOH gene relative to other cell types and tissues from the BioGPS Mouse Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Carcinogenome Chemical Perturbation Carcinogenicity Signatures	small molecule perturbations changing expression of APOH gene from the Carcinogenome Chemical Perturbation Carcinogenicity Signatures dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles	cell lines with high or low copy number of APOH gene relative to other cell lines from the CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles	cell lines with high or low expression of APOH gene relative to other cell lines from the CCLE Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Proteomics	Cell lines associated with APOH protein from the CCLE Cell Line Proteomics dataset.
	CellMarker Gene-Cell Type Associations	cell types associated with APOH gene from the CellMarker Gene-Cell Type Associations dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles	transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of APOH gene from the CHEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Targets	transcription factors binding the promoter of APOH gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022	transcription factors binding the promoter of APOH gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022 dataset.
	CM4AI KOLF21J CRISPRi Gene Perturbation Atlas	gene perturbations changing expression of APOH gene from the CM4AI KOLF21J CRISPRi Gene Perturbation Atlas dataset.
	CMAP Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules	small molecule perturbations changing expression of APOH gene from the CMAP Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores	cellular components containing APOH protein from the COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025	cellular components containing APOH protein from the COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores	cellular components co-occuring with APOH protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025	cellular components co-occuring with APOH protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	COSMIC Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles	cell lines with high or low copy number of APOH gene relative to other cell lines from the COSMIC Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset.
	COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles	cell lines with APOH gene mutations from the COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles dataset.
	CTD Gene-Chemical Interactions	chemicals interacting with APOH gene/protein from the curated CTD Gene-Chemical Interactions dataset.
	CTD Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with APOH gene/protein from the curated CTD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
	DepMap CRISPR Gene Dependency	cell lines with fitness changed by APOH gene knockdown relative to other cell lines from the DepMap CRISPR Gene Dependency dataset.
	DISEASES Experimental Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025	diseases associated with APOH gene in GWAS datasets from the DISEASES Experimental Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores	diseases co-occuring with APOH gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores dataset.
	DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025	diseases co-occuring with APOH gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with APOH gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
	DisGeNET Gene-Phenotype Associations	phenotypes associated with APOH gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Phenoptype Associations dataset.
	DrugBank Drug Targets	interacting drugs for APOH protein from the curated DrugBank Drug Targets dataset.
	ENCODE Histone Modification Site Profiles	histone modification site profiles with high histone modification abundance at APOH gene from the ENCODE Histone Modification Site Profiles dataset.
	ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles	transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of APOH gene from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset.
	ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets	transcription factors binding the promoter of APOH gene in ChIP-seq datasets from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets dataset.
	ESCAPE Omics Signatures of Genes and Proteins for Stem Cells	PubMedIDs of publications reporting gene signatures containing APOH from the ESCAPE Omics Signatures of Genes and Proteins for Stem Cells dataset.
	GAD Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with APOH gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the GAD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
	GAD High Level Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with APOH gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the GAD High Level Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
	GDSC Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles	cell lines with high or low expression of APOH gene relative to other cell lines from the GDSC Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.