| HGNC Family | Zinc fingers |
| Name | androgen receptor |
| Description | The androgen receptor gene is more than 90 kb long and codes for a protein that has 3 major functional domains: the N-terminal domain, DNA-binding domain, and androgen-binding domain. The protein functions as a steroid-hormone activated transcription factor. Upon binding the hormone ligand, the receptor dissociates from accessory proteins, translocates into the nucleus, dimerizes, and then stimulates transcription of androgen responsive genes. This gene contains 2 polymorphic trinucleotide repeat segments that encode polyglutamine and polyglycine tracts in the N-terminal transactivation domain of its protein. Expansion of the polyglutamine tract from the normal 9-34 repeats to the pathogenic 38-62 repeats causes spinal bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA, also known as Kennedy's disease). Mutations in this gene are also associated with complete androgen insensitivity (CAIS). Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2017] |
| Summary |
{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n The androgen receptor (AR) is a pivotal transcription factor that orchestrates multiple physiological and pathological processes. In normal development, AR is essential for male sexual differentiation and for maintaining reproductive as well as metabolic homeostasis."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " In cancer, particularly prostate cancer, AR drives gene expression programs that regulate cell cycle progression, metabolism, DNA repair, and cell‐lineage identity. AR function can be modulated by various molecular mechanisms. For instance, the generation of truncated splice variants such as AR‐V7, which lack the ligand‐binding domain yet remain constitutively active, confers resistance to AR‐directed therapies like enzalutamide and abiraterone"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "3"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ", and elevated AR‐variant expression in bone metastases correlates with an aggressive phenotype."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "5"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Point mutations in AR, such as the F876L substitution, can similarly switch antagonists into agonists, thereby promoting resistance."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "6"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n \n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n At the transcriptional level, AR modulates its target genes through interactions with an array of coactivators and chromatin‐modifying enzymes. These include enzymes such as lysine‐specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) and JMJD2C that remove repressive histone marks to activate gene transcription"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "7"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ", as well as EZH2, which can function as an AR coactivator in castration‐resistant settings."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "9"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " AR’s engagement with cell‐specific factors such as FoxA1 further refines its genomic binding, thereby reprogramming enhancer networks that dictate proliferative and survival signals"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "10"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "and ultimately influencing lineage plasticity; this plasticity enables a switch from an AR‐dependent luminal phenotype to an AR‐independent basal state in resistant tumors."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "11"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Moreover, AR regulates a distinct set of mitotic genes in androgen‐independent cells to promote rapid cell proliferation"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "13"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ", and its ability to drive anabolic metabolism, via targets such as CaMKK2, further supports tumor growth."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "14"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n \n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n AR signaling does not function in isolation; reciprocal crosstalk with pathways including PI3K/AKT modulates AR transcriptional output and protein stability. PTEN loss, for example, not only suppresses androgen‐responsive gene expression but also influences feedback loops leading to sustained tumor proliferation."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "15"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " In addition, AR directly regulates DNA repair genes, a function that contributes to radioresistance—a rationale for combining androgen deprivation with radiotherapy."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "17"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Finally, the assembly of distinct AR transcription complexes at enhancers and promoters is critical for both gene activation and repression, reflecting a highly coordinated mechanism underlying AR‐mediated transcription"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "18"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "and further elaborated by interactions with noncoding RNAs that potentiate ligand‐independent AR activity in advanced tumors."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "19"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n \n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n In summary, the collective evidence establishes AR as a central regulator whose multifaceted functions—in normal physiology as well as in oncogenesis—are dictated by genetic alterations, complex protein–protein interactions, and dynamic crosstalk with other signaling cascades. This integrated regulatory network underlies AR’s roles in mediating proliferation, differentiation, metabolic reprogramming, and therapeutic resistance in prostate and select breast cancers."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "20", "end_ref": "24"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Targeting various nodes within this AR‐centered network remains a promising strategy for improving outcomes across multiple disease states.\n "}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Shuyuan Yeh, Meng-Yin Tsai, Qingquan Xu, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Generation and characterization of androgen receptor knockout (ARKO) mice: an in vivo model for the study of androgen functions in selective tissues."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2002)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1073/pnas.212474399"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.212474399"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12370412"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12370412"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Rajan Singh, Jorge N Artaza, Wayne E Taylor, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Androgens stimulate myogenic differentiation and inhibit adipogenesis in C3H 10T1/2 pluripotent cells through an androgen receptor-mediated pathway."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Endocrinology (2003)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1210/en.2003-0741"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2003-0741"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12960001"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12960001"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Emmanuel S Antonarakis, Changxue Lu, Hao Wang, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "AR-V7 and resistance to enzalutamide and abiraterone in prostate cancer."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "N Engl J Med (2014)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1056/NEJMoa1315815"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1315815"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "25184630"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25184630"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 4, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Yingming Li, Siu Chiu Chan, Lucas J Brand, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Androgen receptor splice variants mediate enzalutamide resistance in castration-resistant prostate cancer cell lines."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cancer Res (2013)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-12-3630"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-12-3630"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "23117885"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23117885"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 5, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Emma Hörnberg, Erik Bovinder Ylitalo, Sead Crnalic, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Expression of androgen receptor splice variants in prostate cancer bone metastases is associated with castration-resistance and short survival."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "PLoS One (2011)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1371/journal.pone.0019059"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0019059"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "21552559"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21552559"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 6, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Manav Korpal, Joshua M Korn, Xueliang Gao, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "An F876L mutation in androgen receptor confers genetic and phenotypic resistance to MDV3100 (enzalutamide)."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cancer Discov (2013)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1158/2159-8290.CD-13-0142"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1158/2159-8290.CD-13-0142"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "23842682"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23842682"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 7, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Eric Metzger, Melanie Wissmann, Na Yin, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "LSD1 demethylates repressive histone marks to promote androgen-receptor-dependent transcription."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nature (2005)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/nature04020"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04020"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "16079795"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16079795"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 8, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Melanie Wissmann, Na Yin, Judith M Müller, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cooperative demethylation by JMJD2C and LSD1 promotes androgen receptor-dependent gene expression."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nat Cell Biol (2007)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/ncb1546"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/ncb1546"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "17277772"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17277772"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 9, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Kexin Xu, Zhenhua Jeremy Wu, Anna C Groner, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "EZH2 oncogenic activity in castration-resistant prostate cancer cells is Polycomb-independent."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Science (2012)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1126/science.1227604"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1227604"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "23239736"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23239736"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 10, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Dong Wang, Ivan Garcia-Bassets, Chris Benner, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Reprogramming transcription by distinct classes of enhancers functionally defined by eRNA."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nature (2011)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/nature10006"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10006"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "21572438"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21572438"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 11, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Sheng Yu Ku, Spencer Rosario, Yanqing Wang, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Rb1 and Trp53 cooperate to suppress prostate cancer lineage plasticity, metastasis, and antiandrogen resistance."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Science (2017)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1126/science.aah4199"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aah4199"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "28059767"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28059767"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 12, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Ping Mu, Zeda Zhang, Matteo Benelli, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "SOX2 promotes lineage plasticity and antiandrogen resistance in TP53- and RB1-deficient prostate cancer."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Science (2017)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1126/science.aah4307"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aah4307"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "28059768"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28059768"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 13, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Qianben Wang, Wei Li, Yong Zhang, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Androgen receptor regulates a distinct transcription program in androgen-independent prostate cancer."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cell (2009)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.cell.2009.04.056"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2009.04.056"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "19632176"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19632176"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 14, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Charles E Massie, Andy Lynch, Antonio Ramos-Montoya, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The androgen receptor fuels prostate cancer by regulating central metabolism and biosynthesis."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "EMBO J (2011)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/emboj.2011.158"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/emboj.2011.158"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "21602788"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21602788"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 15, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Brett S Carver, Caren Chapinski, John Wongvipat, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Reciprocal feedback regulation of PI3K and androgen receptor signaling in PTEN-deficient prostate cancer."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cancer Cell (2011)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.ccr.2011.04.008"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2011.04.008"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "21575859"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21575859"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 16, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "David J Mulholland, Linh M Tran, Yunfeng Li, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cell autonomous role of PTEN in regulating castration-resistant prostate cancer growth."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cancer Cell (2011)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.ccr.2011.05.006"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2011.05.006"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "21620777"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21620777"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 17, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "William R Polkinghorn, Joel S Parker, Man X Lee, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Androgen receptor signaling regulates DNA repair in prostate cancers."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cancer Discov (2013)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1158/2159-8290.CD-13-0172"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1158/2159-8290.CD-13-0172"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "24027196"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24027196"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 18, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Yongfeng Shang, Molly Myers, Myles Brown "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Formation of the androgen receptor transcription complex."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mol Cell (2002)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/s1097-2765(02)00471-9"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s1097-2765(02"}, {"type": "t", "text": "00471-9) PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "11931767"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11931767"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 19, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Liuqing Yang, Chunru Lin, Chunyu Jin, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "lncRNA-dependent mechanisms of androgen-receptor-regulated gene activation programs."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nature (2013)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/nature12451"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12451"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "23945587"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23945587"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 20, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Christopher E Barbieri, Sylvan C Baca, Michael S Lawrence, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Exome sequencing identifies recurrent SPOP, FOXA1 and MED12 mutations in prostate cancer."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nat Genet (2012)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/ng.2279"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.2279"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "22610119"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22610119"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 21, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Hannelore V Heemers, Donald J Tindall "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Androgen receptor (AR) coregulators: a diversity of functions converging on and regulating the AR transcriptional complex."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Endocr Rev (2007)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1210/er.2007-0019"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1210/er.2007-0019"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "17940184"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17940184"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 22, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Emmanuel S Antonarakis, Changxue Lu, Brandon Luber, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Androgen Receptor Splice Variant 7 and Efficacy of Taxane Chemotherapy in Patients With Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "JAMA Oncol (2015)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1001/jamaoncol.2015.1341"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2015.1341"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "26181238"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26181238"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 23, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Hui-Kuan Lin, Liang Wang, Yueh-Chiang Hu, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Phosphorylation-dependent ubiquitylation and degradation of androgen receptor by Akt require Mdm2 E3 ligase."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "EMBO J (2002)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1093/emboj/cdf406"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1093/emboj/cdf406"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12145204"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12145204"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 24, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Philip Kahl, Lucia Gullotti, Lukas Carl Heukamp, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Androgen receptor coactivators lysine-specific histone demethylase 1 and four and a half LIM domain protein 2 predict risk of prostate cancer recurrence."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cancer Res (2006)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-1570"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-1570"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "17145880"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17145880"}]}]}]}
|
| Synonyms | KD, TFM, AR8, DHTR, SMAX1, NR3C4, SBMA, HUMARA, HYSP1 |
| Proteins | ANDR_HUMAN |
| NCBI Gene ID | 367 |
| API | |
| Download Associations | |
| Predicted Functions |
 |
| Co-expressed Genes |
|
| Expression in Tissues and Cell Lines |
|
AR has 13,151 functional associations with biological entities spanning 8 categories (molecular profile, organism, disease, phenotype or trait, chemical, functional term, phrase or reference, structural feature, cell line, cell type or tissue, gene, protein or microRNA) extracted from 105 datasets.
Click the + buttons to view associations for AR from the datasets below.
If available, associations are ranked by standardized value
| Dataset | Summary | |
|---|---|---|
| Allen Brain Atlas Adult Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles | tissues with high or low expression of AR gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Adult Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| Allen Brain Atlas Adult Mouse Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles | tissues with high or low expression of AR gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Adult Mouse Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by Microarray | tissue samples with high or low expression of AR gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by Microarray dataset. | |
| Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by RNA-seq | tissue samples with high or low expression of AR gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by RNA-seq dataset. | |
| Allen Brain Atlas Prenatal Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles | tissues with high or low expression of AR gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Prenatal Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| BioGPS Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles | cell lines with high or low expression of AR gene relative to other cell lines from the BioGPS Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| BioGPS Human Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles | cell types and tissues with high or low expression of AR gene relative to other cell types and tissues from the BioGPS Human Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| BioGPS Mouse Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles | cell types and tissues with high or low expression of AR gene relative to other cell types and tissues from the BioGPS Mouse Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles | cell lines with high or low copy number of AR gene relative to other cell lines from the CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset. | |
| CCLE Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles | cell lines with high or low expression of AR gene relative to other cell lines from the CCLE Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| CCLE Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles | cell lines with AR gene mutations from the CCLE Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles dataset. | |
| ChEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles | transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of AR gene from the CHEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset. | |
| ChEA Transcription Factor Targets | transcription factors binding the promoter of AR gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets dataset. | |
| ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations | phenotypes associated with AR gene from the curated ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations dataset. | |
| CMAP Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules | small molecule perturbations changing expression of AR gene from the CMAP Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules dataset. | |
| COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores | cellular components containing AR protein from the COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset. | |
| COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores | cellular components co-occuring with AR protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset. | |
| CORUM Protein Complexes | protein complexs containing AR protein from the CORUM Protein Complexes dataset. | |
| COSMIC Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles | cell lines with high or low copy number of AR gene relative to other cell lines from the COSMIC Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset. | |
| COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles | cell lines with AR gene mutations from the COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles dataset. | |
| CTD Gene-Chemical Interactions | chemicals interacting with AR gene/protein from the curated CTD Gene-Chemical Interactions dataset. | |
| CTD Gene-Disease Associations | diseases associated with AR gene/protein from the curated CTD Gene-Disease Associations dataset. | |
| dbGAP Gene-Trait Associations | traits associated with AR gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the dbGAP Gene-Trait Associations dataset. | |
| DepMap CRISPR Gene Dependency | cell lines with fitness changed by AR gene knockdown relative to other cell lines from the DepMap CRISPR Gene Dependency dataset. | |
| DISEASES Curated Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores | diseases involving AR gene from the DISEASES Curated Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores dataset. | |
| DISEASES Curated Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025 | diseases involving AR gene from the DISEASES Curated Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025 dataset. | |
| DISEASES Experimental Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores | diseases associated with AR gene in GWAS datasets from the DISEASES Experimental Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores dataset. | |
| DISEASES Experimental Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025 | diseases associated with AR gene in GWAS datasets from the DISEASES Experimental Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores 2025 dataset. | |
| DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores | diseases co-occuring with AR gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores dataset. | |
| DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025 | diseases co-occuring with AR gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores 2025 dataset. | |
| DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations | diseases associated with AR gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations dataset. | |
| DisGeNET Gene-Phenotype Associations | phenotypes associated with AR gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Phenoptype Associations dataset. | |
| DrugBank Drug Targets | interacting drugs for AR protein from the curated DrugBank Drug Targets dataset. | |
| ENCODE Histone Modification Site Profiles | histone modification site profiles with high histone modification abundance at AR gene from the ENCODE Histone Modification Site Profiles dataset. | |
| ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles | transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of AR gene from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset. | |
| ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets | transcription factors binding the promoter of AR gene in ChIP-seq datasets from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets dataset. | |
| ESCAPE Omics Signatures of Genes and Proteins for Stem Cells | PubMedIDs of publications reporting gene signatures containing AR from the ESCAPE Omics Signatures of Genes and Proteins for Stem Cells dataset. | |
| GAD Gene-Disease Associations | diseases associated with AR gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the GAD Gene-Disease Associations dataset. | |
| GAD High Level Gene-Disease Associations | diseases associated with AR gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the GAD High Level Gene-Disease Associations dataset. | |
| GDSC Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles | cell lines with high or low expression of AR gene relative to other cell lines from the GDSC Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| GeneRIF Biological Term Annotations | biological terms co-occuring with AR gene in literature-supported statements describing functions of genes from the GeneRIF Biological Term Annotations dataset. | |
| GeneSigDB Published Gene Signatures | PubMedIDs of publications reporting gene signatures containing AR from the GeneSigDB Published Gene Signatures dataset. | |
| GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Diseases | disease perturbations changing expression of AR gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Diseases dataset. | |
| GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Kinase Perturbations | kinase perturbations changing expression of AR gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Kinase Perturbations dataset. | |
| GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules | small molecule perturbations changing expression of AR gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules dataset. | |
| GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Transcription Factor Perturbations | transcription factor perturbations changing expression of AR gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Transcription Factor Perturbations dataset. | |
| GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Viral Infections | virus perturbations changing expression of AR gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Viral Infections dataset. | |
| GO Biological Process Annotations 2015 | biological processes involving AR gene from the curated GO Biological Process Annotations 2015 dataset. | |
| GO Cellular Component Annotations 2015 | cellular components containing AR protein from the curated GO Cellular Component Annotations 2015 dataset. | |
| GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 | molecular functions performed by AR gene from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset. | |
| GTEx Tissue Gene Expression Profiles | tissues with high or low expression of AR gene relative to other tissues from the GTEx Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| GTEx Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles | tissue samples with high or low expression of AR gene relative to other tissue samples from the GTEx Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| GTEx Tissue-Specific Aging Signatures | tissue samples with high or low expression of AR gene relative to other tissue samples from the GTEx Tissue-Specific Aging Signatures dataset. | |
| Guide to Pharmacology Chemical Ligands of Receptors | ligands (chemical) binding AR receptor from the curated Guide to Pharmacology Chemical Ligands of Receptors dataset. | |
| GWAS Catalog SNP-Phenotype Associations | phenotypes associated with AR gene in GWAS datasets from the GWAS Catalog SNP-Phenotype Associations dataset. | |
| GWASdb SNP-Disease Associations | diseases associated with AR gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the GWASdb SNP-Disease Associations dataset. | |
| GWASdb SNP-Phenotype Associations | phenotypes associated with AR gene in GWAS datasets from the GWASdb SNP-Phenotype Associations dataset. | |
| Heiser et al., PNAS, 2011 Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles | cell lines with high or low expression of AR gene relative to other cell lines from the Heiser et al., PNAS, 2011 Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| HMDB Metabolites of Enzymes | interacting metabolites for AR protein from the curated HMDB Metabolites of Enzymes dataset. | |
| HPA Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles | cell lines with high or low expression of AR gene relative to other cell lines from the HPA Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| HPA Tissue Gene Expression Profiles | tissues with high or low expression of AR gene relative to other tissues from the HPA Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| HPA Tissue Protein Expression Profiles | tissues with high or low expression of AR protein relative to other tissues from the HPA Tissue Protein Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| HPA Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles | tissue samples with high or low expression of AR gene relative to other tissue samples from the HPA Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| HPO Gene-Disease Associations | phenotypes associated with AR gene by mapping known disease genes to disease phenotypes from the HPO Gene-Disease Associations dataset. | |
| Hub Proteins Protein-Protein Interactions | interacting hub proteins for AR from the curated Hub Proteins Protein-Protein Interactions dataset. | |
| HuBMAP ASCT+B Annotations | cell types associated with AR gene from the HuBMAP ASCT+B dataset. | |
| HuBMAP ASCT+B Augmented with RNA-seq Coexpression | cell types associated with AR gene from the HuBMAP ASCT+B Augmented with RNA-seq Coexpression dataset. | |
| HuGE Navigator Gene-Phenotype Associations | phenotypes associated with AR gene by text-mining GWAS publications from the HuGE Navigator Gene-Phenotype Associations dataset. | |
| InterPro Predicted Protein Domain Annotations | protein domains predicted for AR protein from the InterPro Predicted Protein Domain Annotations dataset. | |
| JASPAR Predicted Transcription Factor Targets | transcription factors regulating expression of AR gene predicted using known transcription factor binding site motifs from the JASPAR Predicted Transcription Factor Targets dataset. | |
| KEA Substrates of Kinases | kinases that phosphorylate AR protein from the curated KEA Substrates of Kinases dataset. | |
| KEGG Pathways | pathways involving AR protein from the KEGG Pathways dataset. | |
| Kinase Library Serine Threonine Kinome Atlas | kinases that phosphorylate AR protein from the Kinase Library Serine Threonine Atlas dataset. | |
| Klijn et al., Nat. Biotechnol., 2015 Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles | cell lines with high or low copy number of AR gene relative to other cell lines from the Klijn et al., Nat. Biotechnol., 2015 Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset. | |
| Klijn et al., Nat. Biotechnol., 2015 Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles | cell lines with AR gene mutations from the Klijn et al., Nat. Biotechnol., 2015 Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles dataset. | |
| KnockTF Gene Expression Profiles with Transcription Factor Perturbations | transcription factor perturbations changing expression of AR gene from the KnockTF Gene Expression Profiles with Transcription Factor Perturbations dataset. | |
| LINCS L1000 CMAP Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules | small molecule perturbations changing expression of AR gene from the LINCS L1000 CMAP Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules dataset. | |
| LOCATE Curated Protein Localization Annotations | cellular components containing AR protein in low- or high-throughput protein localization assays from the LOCATE Curated Protein Localization Annotations dataset. | |
| LOCATE Predicted Protein Localization Annotations | cellular components predicted to contain AR protein from the LOCATE Predicted Protein Localization Annotations dataset. | |
| MGI Mouse Phenotype Associations 2023 | phenotypes of transgenic mice caused by AR gene mutations from the MGI Mouse Phenotype Associations 2023 dataset. | |
| MiRTarBase microRNA Targets | microRNAs targeting AR gene in low- or high-throughput microRNA targeting studies from the MiRTarBase microRNA Targets dataset. | |
| MotifMap Predicted Transcription Factor Targets | transcription factors regulating expression of AR gene predicted using known transcription factor binding site motifs from the MotifMap Predicted Transcription Factor Targets dataset. | |
| MPO Gene-Phenotype Associations | phenotypes of transgenic mice caused by AR gene mutations from the MPO Gene-Phenotype Associations dataset. | |
| MSigDB Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Cancer Gene Perturbations | gene perturbations changing expression of AR gene from the MSigDB Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Cancer Gene Perturbations dataset. | |
| OMIM Gene-Disease Associations | phenotypes associated with AR gene from the curated OMIM Gene-Disease Associations dataset. | |
| Pathway Commons Protein-Protein Interactions | interacting proteins for AR from the Pathway Commons Protein-Protein Interactions dataset. | |
| PFOCR Pathway Figure Associations 2023 | pathways involving AR protein from the PFOCR Pathway Figure Associations 2023 dataset. | |
| PFOCR Pathway Figure Associations 2024 | pathways involving AR protein from the Wikipathways PFOCR 2024 dataset. | |
| Phosphosite Textmining Biological Term Annotations | biological terms co-occuring with AR protein in abstracts of publications describing phosphosites from the Phosphosite Textmining Biological Term Annotations dataset. | |
| PhosphoSitePlus Phosphosite-Disease Associations | diseases associated with AR protein from the curated PhosphoSitePlus Phosphosite-Disease Associations dataset. | |
| PhosphoSitePlus Substrates of Kinases | kinases that phosphorylate AR protein from the curated PhosphoSitePlus Substrates of Kinases dataset. | |
| PID Pathways | pathways involving AR protein from the PID Pathways dataset. | |
| Reactome Pathways 2014 | pathways involving AR protein from the Reactome Pathways dataset. | |
| Reactome Pathways 2024 | pathways involving AR protein from the Reactome Pathways 2024 dataset. | |
| Roadmap Epigenomics Cell and Tissue DNA Methylation Profiles | cell types and tissues with high or low DNA methylation of AR gene relative to other cell types and tissues from the Roadmap Epigenomics Cell and Tissue DNA Methylation Profiles dataset. | |
| Roadmap Epigenomics Histone Modification Site Profiles | histone modification site profiles with high histone modification abundance at AR gene from the Roadmap Epigenomics Histone Modification Site Profiles dataset. | |
| Sanger Dependency Map Cancer Cell Line Proteomics | cell lines associated with AR protein from the Sanger Dependency Map Cancer Cell Line Proteomics dataset. | |
| TargetScan Predicted Conserved microRNA Targets | microRNAs regulating expression of AR gene predicted using conserved miRNA seed sequences from the TargetScan Predicted Conserved microRNA Targets dataset. | |
| TargetScan Predicted Nonconserved microRNA Targets | microRNAs regulating expression of AR gene predicted using nonconserved miRNA seed sequences from the TargetScan Predicted Nonconserved microRNA Targets dataset. | |
| TCGA Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Tumors | tissue samples with high or low expression of AR gene relative to other tissue samples from the TCGA Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Tumors dataset. | |
| TISSUES Curated Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores | tissues with high expression of AR protein from the TISSUES Curated Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores dataset. | |
| TISSUES Experimental Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores | tissues with high expression of AR protein in proteomics datasets from the TISSUES Experimental Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores dataset. | |
| TISSUES Text-mining Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores | tissues co-occuring with AR protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the TISSUES Text-mining Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores dataset. | |
| WikiPathways Pathways 2014 | pathways involving AR protein from the Wikipathways Pathways 2014 dataset. | |
| WikiPathways Pathways 2024 | pathways involving AR protein from the WikiPathways Pathways 2024 dataset. | |
