{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n BBX proteins, defined by one or two B‐box zinc finger domains (and sometimes a CCT domain), function as sequence‐specific transcription factors with diverse roles in both animal and plant systems. In the developing mammalian brain, for example, BBX (originally designated Bobby sox) has been identified as a downstream target of the nuclear factor one X (NFIX), with NFIX acting to repress BBX promoter activity in ventricular zone progenitor cells of the neocortex and hippocampus. This regulatory relationship implies that proper levels of BBX are important for forebrain development and may contribute to neurogenic patterning."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n In plants, extensive genome‐wide analyses have revealed that the BBX family plays key roles in the regulation of photomorphogenesis, flowering time, circadian rhythm, anthocyanin and flavonoid biosynthesis, and responses to abiotic stresses. Several studies in Arabidopsis and other species have demonstrated that specific BBX members—such as BBX20, BBX21, BBX17, BBX18, and BBX19—integrate light and hormonal signals to modulate transcriptional networks. For instance, BBX20 and BBX21 cooperate with HY5 to mediate karrikin‐induced light responses, while BBX17 has been shown to repress floral transition through interactions with CONSTANS and consequent downregulation of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT)."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "3"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n Additionally, BBX factors have been implicated in the fine tuning of the circadian clock through interactions with pseudo‐response regulators (PRRs) to control the timing of morning‐phased gene expression."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "5"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n In crop species, BBX proteins contribute to stress resilience and developmental processes. In potato, overexpression of BBX21 improves photosynthetic efficiency and drought tolerance"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "6"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ", while in sweet potato the activation of class III peroxidase by IbBBX24 enhances salt and drought tolerance."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "7"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Moreover, BBX family members in grapevine and other fruits have been linked to the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis—with a novel member, VvBBX44, acting to repress HY5 and thereby inhibit light‐induced pigment accumulation."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "8"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Genome‐wide surveys in pepper, cotton, rapeseed, and cucumber further support roles for BBX proteins in developmental regulation and stress responses."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "9", "end_ref": "12"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Finally, intriguing evidence from multiethnic genome‐wide studies indicates that variations within a region containing BBX may be associated with Alzheimer’s disease risk, suggesting that BBX could also contribute to the regulation of neurodegenerative processes."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "13"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Collectively, these findings underscore the multifunctional nature of BBX transcription factors—as integrators of developmental signals and environmental cues in both neural and plant tissues.\n "}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Chantelle Dixon, Tracey J Harvey, Aaron G Smith, et al. 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