{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Bicaudal‐D family proteins, which include forms such as BICDR‐1 and BicD2, function as key adaptor molecules that couple specific intracellular cargoes to the microtubule‐based dynein/dynactin motor complex, thereby regulating their spatial and temporal transport. For instance, during early neuronal development BICDR‐1 acts as an effector of the Rab6 GTPase: it interacts with both the kinesin motor Kif1C and the dynein/dynactin complex to control the pericentrosomal localization of Rab6‐positive secretory vesicles. This sequestration prevents premature anterograde transport and neurite outgrowth until later developmental stages, when BICDR‐1 expression declines (see."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " In a related context, BicD2 has been shown to serve as an integral adaptor for dynein/dynactin, mediating the retrograde transport of cargoes such as secretory and Golgi‐derived vesicles. Mutations in BicD2 give rise to developmental motor neuron defects—illustrated by the clinical manifestations of Spinal Muscular Atrophy Lower Extremity Predominant 2 (SMALED2) as well as cortical and cerebellar malformations (see"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "2"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "and."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "3"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " More generally, these proteins exemplify a broader class of coiled‐coil dynein‐activating adaptors that not only recruit the motor complex to diverse cargoes but also stimulate its motility, ensuring proper intracellular sorting and transport during different phases of the cell cycle (see."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "4"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Max A Schlager, Lukas C Kapitein, Ilya Grigoriev, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Pericentrosomal targeting of Rab6 secretory vesicles by Bicaudal-D-related protein 1 (BICDR-1) regulates neuritogenesis."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "EMBO J (2010)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/emboj.2010.51"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/emboj.2010.51"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "20360680"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20360680"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Alexander M Rossor, James N Sleigh, Michael Groves, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Loss of BICD2 in muscle drives motor neuron loss in a developmental form of spinal muscular atrophy."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Acta Neuropathol Commun (2020)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1186/s40478-020-00909-6"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s40478-020-00909-6"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "32183910"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32183910"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Crystal R Noell, Kyle M Loftus, Heying Cui, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "A Quantitative Model for BicD2/Cargo Interactions."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Biochemistry (2018)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00987"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00987"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "30345745"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30345745"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 4, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Samara L Reck-Peterson, William B Redwine, Ronald D Vale, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The cytoplasmic dynein transport machinery and its many cargoes."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol (2018)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/s41580-018-0004-3"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41580-018-0004-3"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "29662141"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29662141"}]}]}]}