{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7) is a multifunctional member of the transforming growth factor‐β superfamily that plays diverse roles in development, tissue homeostasis, and disease. In adipose tissue, BMP7 drives the differentiation of brown adipocytes from mesenchymal progenitors by upregulating key regulators such as PRDM16, PGC‑1α, and the thermogenic uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), thereby enhancing energy expenditure and counteracting obesity."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " In addition, BMP7‐mediated adipogenesis is subject to precise modulation; for example, its effects can be specifically antagonized by myostatin to influence adipocyte differentiation."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "2"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Extracellular regulation further fine‑tunes BMP7 activity. Structural studies have shown that antagonists such as Noggin and ectodin bind to BMP7 and block its receptor interfaces, thereby limiting its signaling output."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "3"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " In the bone microenvironment, BMP7 also contributes to osteoblastic differentiation through the engagement of specific type I and type II receptors, findings that underline its osteoinductive potential."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "5"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Moreover, BMP7 exerts important roles in tissue repair and tumor suppression. In the kidney, BMP7 stimulates a mesenchymal‑to‑epithelial transition (MET) in renal fibroblasts, promoting tubular repair and reducing fibrosis."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "7"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " In the bone marrow microenvironment, BMP7 secreted by stromal cells induces senescence in prostate cancer stem‐like cells via p38 MAPK activation and upregulation of cell cycle inhibitors, thereby establishing a reversible dormant state that may be exploited therapeutically."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "8"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n BMP7 also contributes to cardiovascular homeostasis; enhanced BMP7 signaling is associated with preserved capillary density and a modulation of endothelial–mesenchymal transition in pressure‐overloaded hearts, suggesting a role in protecting against maladaptive remodeling."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "9"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " In addition, BMP7 function is implicated in systemic iron regulation through the hepatic BMP/SMAD pathway, where its activity is selectively curtailed by erythroferrone, thereby influencing hepcidin expression."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "10"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Finally, during neural development, BMP7 forms heterodimers with GDF7 that act as repulsive cues for commissural axons, helping to establish proper axon trajectories."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "11"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Collectively, these studies underscore BMP7’s versatile roles as an inducer of differentiation, a mediator of tissue repair, a regulator of metabolic and developmental processes, and a modulator of disease states, highlighting its therapeutic potential across a broad spectrum of clinical conditions.\n "}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Yu-Hua Tseng, Efi Kokkotou, Tim J Schulz, et al. 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