BRAF Gene

Name	B-Raf proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase
Description	This gene encodes a protein belonging to the RAF family of serine/threonine protein kinases. This protein plays a role in regulating the MAP kinase/ERK signaling pathway, which affects cell division, differentiation, and secretion. Mutations in this gene, most commonly the V600E mutation, are the most frequently identified cancer-causing mutations in melanoma, and have been identified in various other cancers as well, including non-Hodgkin lymphoma, colorectal cancer, thyroid carcinoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma, hairy cell leukemia and adenocarcinoma of lung. Mutations in this gene are also associated with cardiofaciocutaneous, Noonan, and Costello syndromes, which exhibit overlapping phenotypes. A pseudogene of this gene has been identified on the X chromosome. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2017]
Summary	{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n B‐RAF is a serine/threonine kinase and a central effector of the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signaling cascade whose normal function is to transduce extracellular growth signals. Activating mutations—most notably the V600E mutation—result in constitutive kinase activity and aberrant downstream signaling that promote cell proliferation and survival. In melanocytic neoplasia, for example, B‐RAF mutations are frequently detected not only in melanoma but also in benign nevi, suggesting that early mutational activation of the pathway is critical for tumor initiation, although additional events are needed for full malignant transformation."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Similarly, in central nervous system tumors such as pilocytic astrocytomas and pleomorphic xanthoastrocytomas, genetic rearrangements and fusions involving B‐RAF (e.g., KIAA1549‐BRAF) lead to activation of the MAPK pathway, which has diagnostic and potential therapeutic implications."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "3"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n \n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n In hematologic malignancies such as hairy‐cell leukemia and in select solid tumors including colorectal cancers that are wild‐type for KRAS, B‐RAF mutations contribute to constitutive ERK signaling and drive tumor growth; accordingly, these tumors display sensitivity to targeted inhibition of B‐RAF or its downstream kinase MEK."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "5", "end_ref": "7"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n \n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n At the molecular level, oncogenic B‐RAF not only activates its canonical downstream effectors but also relies on critical protein–protein interactions for its stability. For instance, mutant B‐RAF binds to the HSP90–CDC37 chaperone complex, suggesting that inhibition of HSP90 can impair its function."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "8"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Moreover, while B‐RAF V600E mutants predominantly function as activated monomers under conditions of low RAS activity, other activating B‐RAF mutants require RAS‐independent dimerization—a feature that influences therapeutic responsiveness to RAF inhibitors and represents a mechanism of both intrinsic and acquired drug resistance."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "10"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n \n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Preclinical models further underscore the oncogenic dependency on B‐RAF signaling. In melanoma and thyroid cancers, genetic or pharmacologic inhibition of B‐RAF leads to diminished MAPK pathway activation, reduced proliferation, and, in some instances, restoration of differentiation and sensitivity to radioiodine uptake."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "12", "end_ref": "14"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " In addition, the B‐RAF inhibitor dabrafenib exhibits dual functionality by not only inhibiting mutant B‐RAF but also interfering with RIP3 kinase activity, thereby modulating cell death pathways such as necroptosis."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "15"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n \n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Collectively, these studies demonstrate that B‐RAF functions as a pivotal oncogenic driver by deregulating the MAPK signaling network across a spectrum of cancers. Its mutational activation—whether via point mutations or gene fusions—not only induces aberrant cellular proliferation and survival but also represents a promising target for molecular therapies. The variable modes of activation and dependency on additional regulatory mechanisms, such as chaperone-mediated stabilization and dimerization, further highlight the complexity of targeting B‐RAF in clinical settings."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "17"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Pamela M Pollock, Ursula L Harper, Katherine S Hansen, et al. 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"}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Tumorigenesis: RAF/RAS oncogenes and mismatch-repair status."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nature (2002)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/418934a"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/418934a"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12198537"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12198537"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Genevieve Schindler, David Capper, Jochen Meyer, et al. 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"}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Duplication of 7q34 in pediatric low-grade astrocytomas detected by high-density single-nucleotide polymorphism-based genotype arrays results in a novel BRAF fusion gene."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Brain Pathol (2009)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1111/j.1750-3639.2008.00225.x"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3639.2008.00225.x"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "19016743"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19016743"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 5, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Enrico Tiacci, Vladimir Trifonov, Gianluca Schiavoni, et al. 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Synonyms	RAFB1, B-RAF1, BRAF1, NS7
Proteins	BRAF_HUMAN
NCBI Gene ID	673
API
Download Associations
Predicted Functions
Co-expressed Genes
Expression in Tissues and Cell Lines

Functional Associations

BRAF has 20,494 functional associations with biological entities spanning 9 categories (molecular profile, organism, chemical, disease, phenotype or trait, functional term, phrase or reference, structural feature, cell line, cell type or tissue, gene, protein or microRNA, sequence feature) extracted from 141 datasets.

Click the + buttons to view associations for BRAF from the datasets below.

If available, associations are ranked by standardized value

Harmonizome 3.0

BRAF Gene

Functional Associations

Please acknowledge the Harmonizome in your publications by citing the following reference(s):

	Dataset	Summary
	Achilles Cell Line Gene Essentiality Profiles	cell lines with fitness changed by BRAF gene knockdown relative to other cell lines from the Achilles Cell Line Gene Essentiality Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Adult Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	tissues with high or low expression of BRAF gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Adult Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Adult Mouse Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	tissues with high or low expression of BRAF gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Adult Mouse Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Aging Dementia and Traumatic Brain Injury Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles	tissue samples with high or low expression of BRAF gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Aging Dementia and Traumatic Brain Injury Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by Microarray	tissue samples with high or low expression of BRAF gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by Microarray dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by RNA-seq	tissue samples with high or low expression of BRAF gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by RNA-seq dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Prenatal Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	tissues with high or low expression of BRAF gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Prenatal Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	BioGPS Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles	cell lines with high or low expression of BRAF gene relative to other cell lines from the BioGPS Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	BioGPS Human Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	cell types and tissues with high or low expression of BRAF gene relative to other cell types and tissues from the BioGPS Human Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	BioGPS Mouse Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	cell types and tissues with high or low expression of BRAF gene relative to other cell types and tissues from the BioGPS Mouse Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Carcinogenome Chemical Perturbation Carcinogenicity Signatures	small molecule perturbations changing expression of BRAF gene from the Carcinogenome Chemical Perturbation Carcinogenicity Signatures dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles	cell lines with high or low copy number of BRAF gene relative to other cell lines from the CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles	cell lines with high or low expression of BRAF gene relative to other cell lines from the CCLE Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles	cell lines with BRAF gene mutations from the CCLE Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Proteomics	Cell lines associated with BRAF protein from the CCLE Cell Line Proteomics dataset.
	CellMarker Gene-Cell Type Associations	cell types associated with BRAF gene from the CellMarker Gene-Cell Type Associations dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles	transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of BRAF gene from the CHEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Targets	transcription factors binding the promoter of BRAF gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022	transcription factors binding the promoter of BRAF gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022 dataset.
	ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations	phenotypes associated with BRAF gene from the curated ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations dataset.
	ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations 2025	phenotypes associated with BRAF gene from the curated ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations 2025 dataset.
	CM4AI U2OS Cell Map Protein Localization Assemblies	assemblies containing BRAF protein from integrated AP-MS and IF data from the CM4AI U2OS Cell Map Protein Localization Assemblies dataset.
	CMAP Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules	small molecule perturbations changing expression of BRAF gene from the CMAP Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores	cellular components containing BRAF protein from the COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores	cellular components co-occuring with BRAF protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025	cellular components co-occuring with BRAF protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	CORUM Protein Complexes	protein complexs containing BRAF protein from the CORUM Protein Complexes dataset.
	COSMIC Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles	cell lines with high or low copy number of BRAF gene relative to other cell lines from the COSMIC Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset.
	COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles	cell lines with BRAF gene mutations from the COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles dataset.
	CTD Gene-Chemical Interactions	chemicals interacting with BRAF gene/protein from the curated CTD Gene-Chemical Interactions dataset.
	CTD Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with BRAF gene/protein from the curated CTD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
	dbGAP Gene-Trait Associations	traits associated with BRAF gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the dbGAP Gene-Trait Associations dataset.
	DepMap CRISPR Gene Dependency	cell lines with fitness changed by BRAF gene knockdown relative to other cell lines from the DepMap CRISPR Gene Dependency dataset.
	DISEASES Curated Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores	diseases involving BRAF gene from the DISEASES Curated Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores dataset.
	DISEASES Curated Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025	diseases involving BRAF gene from the DISEASES Curated Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores	diseases co-occuring with BRAF gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores dataset.
	DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025	diseases co-occuring with BRAF gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with BRAF gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
	DisGeNET Gene-Phenotype Associations	phenotypes associated with BRAF gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Phenoptype Associations dataset.
	DrugBank Drug Targets	interacting drugs for BRAF protein from the curated DrugBank Drug Targets dataset.