{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Recent studies have revealed that CACNB1— the gene encoding the β1 subunit of L‐type voltage‐dependent Ca²⁺ channels—plays multifaceted roles in several tissues through its regulation of calcium influx and downstream signaling events. In cardiac tissue, for example, CACNB1 is targeted by specific microRNAs (miR‑328 and miR‑195) whose upregulation reduces CACNB1 expression, thereby diminishing L‑type Ca²⁺ currents and contributing to adverse electrical remodeling and arrhythmia vulnerability in atrial fibrillation and cardiac hypertrophy (a role highlighted in studies such as"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "and."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "2"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n \n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n In the nervous system, the β subunit is also critical. CACNB1 (and its neuronal isoforms, including β1b) interacts with key active zone proteins to serve as a scaffolding element that organizes presynaptic release sites, modulates Ca²⁺ entry, and thereby influences neurotransmitter release and neuronal viability."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "3"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n \n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n In skeletal muscle, the β1 subunit of the dihydropyridine receptor (DHPR) is indispensably involved in muscle pre-patterning and proper neuromuscular junction formation. These roles depend on Ca²⁺ influx through the L‑type Ca²⁺ channel independent of its function in contraction."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "5"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n \n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Moreover, bioinformatics analyses have predicted that CACNB1 is a target of other microRNAs (e.g., miR‑24 in the setting of acute pancreatitis), suggesting potential roles in calcium‐mediated inflammatory and signaling processes."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "6"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " In addition, altered CACNB1 expression has emerged as one element of a four‐gene prognostic expression signature in colon cancer, implicating it in tumor biology"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "7"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ", while increased CACNB1 levels have been linked to extracellular matrix remodeling in aging vocal fold tissue, a process that may influence collagen synthesis and metalloproteinase activity."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "8"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n \n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Collectively, these findings underscore that CACNB1 functions as a critical auxiliary component modulating L‑type Ca²⁺ channel activity across multiple organ systems. Its regulation by microRNAs and differential tissue‐specific expression patterns contribute not only to vital physiological processes—such as cardiac electrical stability, synaptic organization, and neuromuscular development—but also to the pathogenesis of disease states including arrhythmias, neurodegeneration, cancer, and tissue aging. This broad spectrum of roles highlights CACNB1 as a promising target for therapeutic intervention and as a potential biomarker in diverse clinical contexts.\n "}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Yanjie Lu, Ying Zhang, Ning Wang, et al. 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