{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n CAMSAP3 (also known as Nezha) is a pivotal regulator of non‐centrosomal microtubule minus‐end dynamics that orchestrates diverse aspects of cellular architecture in multiple cell types. In epithelial cells, CAMSAP3 binds directly to microtubule minus ends and anchors them at specialized cortical sites—including apical domains and the zonula adherens—thereby organizing ordered apico–basal microtubule arrays that are crucial for proper organelle positioning, junction integrity, and overall cell polarity."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "4"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " By interacting with partners such as PLEKHA7 and the spectraplakin ACF7, CAMSAP3 facilitates the tethering of microtubule minus ends to distinct plasma membrane regions, a process that contributes to epithelial morphogenesis and maintains barrier function. In neurons, CAMSAP3 is enriched in axons where it preserves a pool of dynamic, non‐acetylated microtubules, thereby ensuring neuronal polarity and preventing the formation of excess axons."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "5"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Moreover, CAMSAP3 collaborates with cytoskeletal crosslinkers to coordinate microtubule release from centrosomes—via interactions with motor proteins and severing factors such as dynein and katanin—thus promoting the assembly of non–centrosomal microtubule networks."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "6", "end_ref": "8"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Furthermore, CAMSAP3 loss or mislocalization shifts the balance toward centrosomal microtubule organization, which can perturb downstream signaling pathways (for example, by altering GEF‐H1 availability) and activate mechanosensitive regulators—events that lead to defects in cell shape, proliferation, and tissue homeostasis in organs such as the kidney and lung."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "9", "end_ref": "11"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " In multiciliated cells, CAMSAP3 localizes at the basal region of the cilium–basal body complex, where it is essential for the formation or stabilization of the central microtubule pair, ensuring synchronized ciliary beating and effective fluid flow."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "12"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Collectively, these findings underscore that CAMSAP3’s capacity to stabilize and spatially organize microtubule minus ends is fundamental to regulating cell polarity, cytoskeletal organization, and tissue integrity.\n "}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Wenxiang Meng, Yoshimi Mushika, Tetsuo Ichii, et al. 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