{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Adenylate cyclase‐associated protein 1 (CAP1) is a highly conserved multifunctional protein that plays dual roles in cellular physiology. On one hand, CAP1 critically regulates actin dynamics by facilitating actin filament turnover, modulating lamellipodia formation, and orchestrating focal adhesion signaling to control cell shape, adhesion, migration, and invasion."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "5"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " On the other hand, CAP1 also functions as a signaling mediator. Notably, it has been identified as the bona fide receptor for human resistin—a pro‐inflammatory adipokine—thereby linking metabolic stress with inflammatory responses through the upregulation of cyclic AMP, activation of protein kinase A, and subsequent NF‑κB–dependent transcription of cytokines."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "6"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " In addition, CAP1 has been shown to interact with proteins such as proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type‑9 (PCSK9), thus mediating caveolae‑dependent endocytosis and lysosomal degradation of low‐density lipoprotein receptors, which impacts cholesterol homeostasis."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "8"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Pathologically, high CAP1 expression is frequently observed in a variety of human cancers—including pancreatic, breast, hepatocellular, ovarian, glioma, and lung carcinomas—where its upregulation promotes tumor cell proliferation, epithelial–mesenchymal transition, migration, invasion, and metastasis."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "2"}, {"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "9", "end_ref": "11"}, {"type": "fg_f", "ref": "3"}, {"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "12", "end_ref": "18"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " In parallel, CAP1’s involvement in inflammatory disorders is underscored by its role in mediating resistin‑induced chemokine production in rheumatoid arthritis synovial tissue"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "9"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "as well as its correlation with markers of atherosclerotic plaque destabilization and coronary syndromes."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "19", "end_ref": "22"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Moreover, CAP1 can be subject to proteolytic regulation by matrix metalloproteinases—as demonstrated by its efficient degradation by MMP‑9—which may contribute to extracellular signaling events in conditions of tissue injury"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "23"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "and is further reviewed in the literature."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "24"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Its dysregulated expression in diseased tissues has led to its proposal as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in cancer and other chronic conditions, and current studies suggest that targeting CAP1 may offer therapeutic benefit in metabolic, cardiovascular, and oncologic diseases."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "25"}, {"type": "fg_f", "ref": "10"}, {"type": "fg_f", "ref": "23"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n In summary, CAP1 serves as both a master regulator of actin cytoskeleton remodeling and a key mediator of signaling pathways—particularly those initiated by resistin—that drive inflammation, tumor progression, and metabolic dysregulation. These multifaceted roles render CAP1 a promising biomarker and potential therapeutic target for a broad spectrum of diseases.\n "}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Haitao Zhang, Pooja Ghai, Huhehasi Wu, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mammalian adenylyl cyclase-associated protein 1 (CAP1) regulates cofilin function, the actin cytoskeleton, and cell adhesion."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Biol Chem (2013)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1074/jbc.M113.484535"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M113.484535"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "23737525"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23737525"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Ken Yamazaki, Masaaki Takamura, Yohei Masugi, et al. 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