{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nCCR2 functions as a critical regulator of monocyte biology and inflammatory responses. It is highly expressed on specific blood monocyte subsets and is essential for their emigration from the bone marrow and subsequent recruitment to sites of inflammation. CCR2 signaling governs the egress of monocytes into the circulation and facilitates efficient trafficking into inflamed tissues, where it also influences macrophage polarization and cytokine production. These functions underline its fundamental role in orchestrating innate immune responses and directing effector cell localization during inflammation."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "8"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn the context of cancer, the CCL2–CCR2 axis is exploited by tumors to create a supportive microenvironment. CCR2 mediates the recruitment of immunosuppressive tumor-associated macrophages and other stromal cells, thereby contributing to tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastatic dissemination. Furthermore, forced expression of CCR2 on adoptively transferred T cells enhances their homing toward CCL2-secreting tumors, underscoring its therapeutic potential. Such roles have been demonstrated in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, breast cancer, and glioma models, attesting to the central importance of CCR2 in tumor biology and metastasis."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "9", "end_ref": "16"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nBeyond its cell trafficking roles, structural and regulatory studies of CCR2 have expanded our understanding of its broader biological functions. Novel chemotactic interactions have been uncovered, including those mediated by beta-defensins acting as CCR2 agonists, while high-resolution structural studies have revealed unique allosteric binding pockets that inform antagonist design. In addition, alternative splicing generates receptor isoforms with distinct intracellular trafficking properties that impact cell surface expression and signal transduction. 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