{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n CDK11B (also referred to as CDK11p58 or PITSLRE) is a cyclin‐dependent protein kinase that is uniquely expressed during the G2/M phases of the cell cycle and plays several critical roles in mitotic progression. Its expression is governed by an internal ribosome entry site (IRES)–dependent mechanism that ensures the production of the p58 isoform during mitosis; failure in this translational switch leads to reduced CDK11B levels, resulting in cytokinesis defects, impaired mitotic progression, and genome instability."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n At the cellular level, CDK11B is essential for centrosome maturation and bipolar spindle formation. RNA interference–mediated depletion of CDK11 results in mitotic checkpoint activation, monopolar spindle formation, and defective recruitment of key centrosomal components such as γ-tubulin, Plk1, and Aurora A."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "3"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n Moreover, CDK11B accumulates in the vicinity of mitotic centrosomes and directly interacts with Plk4, thereby ensuring proper centriole duplication through both indirect (via centrosome maturation) and direct regulation of centriole components."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "5"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n In addition to its canonical mitotic functions, CDK11B can form complexes with other cell cycle regulators—for instance, in concert with cyclin D3 it phosphorylates the androgen receptor (AR) to repress AR-mediated transcription, thereby modulating androgen-dependent cell proliferation in prostate cancer."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "6"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Beyond its indispensable role in normal mitosis, CDK11B has emerged as a critical survival factor in cancer. Its expression is essential for the growth and survival of osteosarcoma cells, and knockdown or CRISPR-mediated knockout of CDK11B significantly impairs cancer cell viability and tumorigenic potential."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "7"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n In addition, CDK11B has been implicated in the regulation of autophagic flux, highlighting its broader role in cellular homeostasis."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "9"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Collectively, these studies establish CDK11B as a pivotal mediator of mitotic events—including centrosome maturation, spindle morphogenesis and centriole duplication—and as a regulator of translational control via its IRES–dependent expression. Aberrant regulation of CDK11B can compromise cytokinesis and genomic integrity, thereby contributing to tumorigenesis and offering a promising target for therapeutic intervention in various cancers.\n "}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Maria Barna, Aya Pusic, Ornella Zollo, et al. 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