{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Cellular apoptosis susceptibility protein (CSE1L), also known as CAS, is a multifunctional protein with key roles in nuclear–cytoplasmic transport, transcriptional regulation, cell cycle progression, apoptosis, and cytoskeletal dynamics. CSE1L functions as a nuclear transport factor that facilitates the recycling of importin‐α, thereby modulating the access of regulatory proteins such as p53 to target gene promoters. For instance, CSE1L associates with a subset of p53 target promoters (e.g., PIG3) to influence transcription and apoptosis, and its depletion can lead to cell‐cycle arrest and enhanced apoptosis in cancer cells (see."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "3"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n \n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n In addition to its role in nuclear transport, CSE1L has been implicated in the regulation of microtubule dynamics and chromosomal segregation. Its interaction with both α‐ and β‐tubulin can modulate microtubule assembly, affecting cell adhesion, migration, and consequently metastatic potential. Elevated CSE1L expression has been linked to increased microvesicle biogenesis and enhanced secretion of metastasis‐associated proteases, contributing to tumor progression (see."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "4"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n \n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Moreover, CSE1L is frequently overexpressed in various cancers, including colorectal cancer, where its altered expression correlates with changes in cell viability, adhesion, and invasive behavior. In clinical studies, higher levels of CSE1L—either in tissue or circulating in patient serum—have been associated with advanced tumor stage, lymph node metastasis, and poorer patient prognosis, suggesting its potential utility both as a diagnostic marker and as a therapeutic target (see."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "6"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n \n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Collectively, these findings portray CSE1L as a pleiotropic protein that integrates nuclear transport processes with the regulation of transcription, apoptosis, and cytoskeletal organization, thereby contributing to cancer cell survival, proliferation, and metastasis (see."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "4"}, {"type": "fg_f", "ref": "8"}, {"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "5", "end_ref": "7"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Tomoaki Tanaka, Shuichi Ohkubo, Ichiro Tatsuno, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "hCAS/CSE1L associates with chromatin and regulates expression of select p53 target genes."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cell (2007)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.cell.2007.08.001"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2007.08.001"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "17719542"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17719542"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "P Behrens, U Brinkmann, A Wellmann "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "CSE1L/CAS: its role in proliferation and apoptosis."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Apoptosis (2003)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1023/a:1021644918117"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1021644918117"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12510150"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12510150"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Hyun-Eui Kim, Xuejun Jiang, Fenghe Du, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "PHAPI, CAS, and Hsp70 promote apoptosome formation by preventing Apaf-1 aggregation and enhancing nucleotide exchange on Apaf-1."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mol Cell (2008)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.molcel.2008.03.014"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2008.03.014"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "18439902"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18439902"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 4, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Ching-Fong Liao, Shu-Hui Lin, Hung-Chang Chen, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "CSE1L, a novel microvesicle membrane protein, mediates Ras-triggered microvesicle generation and metastasis of tumor cells."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mol Med (2012)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.2119/molmed.2012.00205"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.2119/molmed.2012.00205"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "22952058"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22952058"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 5, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Ching-Fong Liao, Shue-Fen Luo, Tzu-Yun Shen, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "CSE1L/CAS, a microtubule-associated protein, inhibits taxol (paclitaxel)-induced apoptosis but enhances cancer cell apoptosis induced by various chemotherapeutic drugs."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "BMB Rep (2008)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.5483/bmbrep.2008.41.3.210"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.5483/bmbrep.2008.41.3.210"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "18377724"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18377724"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 6, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Chin-Shaw Stella Tsai, Hung-Chang Chen, Jai-Nien Tung, et al. 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