{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nCSF2RA encodes the ligand‐specific α subunit of the granulocyte–macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF) receptor, which governs critical steps in cytokine binding and receptor assembly. Structural and biochemical studies have shown that GM‐CSF binding to CSF2RA initiates a cascade of conformational changes that promote the formation of higher‐order receptor complexes—such as dodecamers—that are essential for robust intracellular signaling. Key domains within CSF2RA mediate interactions with downstream signaling molecules (for example, direct binding to IκB kinase β to activate NF‑κB) and even modulate the signaling of adjacent receptor systems (including c‐Kit). In addition, alternative splicing and metalloprotease‐dependent ectodomain shedding yield soluble receptor forms that may fine‑tune ligand availability and downstream responses."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "13"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nLoss‐of‑function mutations in CSF2RA, as well as disruptions in its expression, have been firmly linked to pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) and related hematopoietic derangements. In patients and experimental models, deleterious alterations in CSF2RA lead to impaired GM‐CSF signaling that compromises alveolar macrophage maturation and function, resulting in the accumulation of surfactant and subsequent respiratory distress. Moreover, altered expression of CSF2RA has been observed in abnormal bone marrow populations in disorders such as aplastic anemia and myelodysplastic syndromes, underscoring its role in hematopoietic cell development and homeostasis."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "14", "end_ref": "18"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nBeyond its central role in pulmonary and hematopoietic homeostasis, CSF2RA‐mediated signaling intersects with broader aspects of immune modulation and disease. Genetic variants in the vicinity of CSF2RA have been associated with an increased risk of schizophrenia, suggesting a link between cytokine receptor abnormalities and neuropsychiatric conditions. Furthermore, the receptor influences dendritic cell differentiation and innate immune responses, contributing to autoimmune and inflammatory pathologies such as inflammatory bowel disease, aortic dissection, and multiple sclerosis. CSF2RA expression in non‐hematopoietic cells—including certain neuronal populations—also hints at neurotrophic roles, with implications for neurodegenerative disorders and osteoarthritis pain."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "19", "end_ref": "27"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Caroline A Evans, Shahrul Ariffin, Andrew Pierce, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Identification of primary structural features that define the differential actions of IL-3 and GM-CSF receptors."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Blood (2002)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1182/blood-2001-12-0235"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2001-12-0235"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12384414"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12384414"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Barbara J McClure, Timothy R Hercus, Bronwyn A Cambareri, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Molecular assembly of the ternary granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor complex."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Blood (2003)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1182/blood-2002-06-1903"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2002-06-1903"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12393492"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12393492"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Jay M Prevost, Jennifer L Pelley, Weibin Zhu, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and inflammatory stimuli up-regulate secretion of the soluble GM-CSF receptor in human monocytes: evidence for ectodomain shedding of the cell surface GM-CSF receptor alpha subunit."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Immunol (2002)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.4049/jimmunol.169.10.5679"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.169.10.5679"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12421947"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12421947"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 4, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Eiji Akagawa, Akihiko Muto, Ken-ichi Arai, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Analysis of the 5' promoters for human IL-3 and GM-CSF receptor alpha genes."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Biochem Biophys Res Commun (2003)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/s0006-291x(02)02890-5"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-291x(02"}, {"type": "t", "text": "02890-5) PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12504125"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12504125"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 5, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Karin Ebner, Alexander Bandion, Bernd R Binder, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "GMCSF activates NF-kappaB via direct interaction of the GMCSF receptor with IkappaB kinase beta."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Blood (2003)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1182/blood-2002-12-3753"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2002-12-3753"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12637324"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12637324"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 6, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Jian Chen, Juan M Cárcamo, Oriana Bórquez-Ojeda, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The laminin receptor modulates granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor complex formation and modulates its signaling."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2003)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1073/pnas.2334584100"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2334584100"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "14614142"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14614142"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 7, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Jian Chen, Juan M Cárcamo, David W Golde "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The alpha subunit of the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor interacts with c-Kit and inhibits c-Kit signaling."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Biol Chem (2006)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1074/jbc.M604644200"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M604644200"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "16760463"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16760463"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 8, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Jennifer L Pelley, Chris D Nicholls, Tara L Beattie, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Discovery and characterization of a novel splice variant of the GM-CSF receptor alpha subunit."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Exp Hematol (2007)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.exphem.2007.06.008"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exphem.2007.06.008"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "17681666"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17681666"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 9, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Guido Hansen, Timothy R Hercus, Yibin Xu, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of the ternary human GM-CSF receptor complex."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun (2008)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1107/S1744309108019404"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1107/S1744309108019404"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "18678938"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18678938"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 10, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Guido Hansen, Timothy R Hercus, Barbara J McClure, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The structure of the GM-CSF receptor complex reveals a distinct mode of cytokine receptor activation."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cell (2008)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.cell.2008.05.053"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2008.05.053"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "18692472"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18692472"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 11, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Shamaruh Mirza, Andrew Walker, Jinglong Chen, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The Ig-like domain of human GM-CSF receptor alpha plays a critical role in cytokine binding and receptor activation."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Biochem J (2010)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1042/BJ20091745"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1042/BJ20091745"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "20078425"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20078425"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 12, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Sophie E Broughton, Timothy R Hercus, Tracy L Nero, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Conformational Changes in the GM-CSF Receptor Suggest a Molecular Mechanism for Affinity Conversion and Receptor Signaling."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Structure (2016)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.str.2016.05.017"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.str.2016.05.017"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "27396825"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27396825"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 13, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Silvia De Alessandris, G John Ferguson, Alison J Dodd, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Neutrophil GM-CSF receptor dynamics in acute lung injury."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Leukoc Biol (2019)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1002/JLB.3MA0918-347R"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/JLB.3MA0918-347R"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "30942918"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30942918"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 14, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Margarita Martinez-Moczygemba, Minh L Doan, Okan Elidemir, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis caused by deletion of the GM-CSFRalpha gene in the X chromosome pseudoautosomal region 1."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Exp Med (2008)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1084/jem.20080759"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20080759"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "18955567"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18955567"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 15, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Takuji Suzuki, Takuro Sakagami, Bruce K Rubin, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Familial pulmonary alveolar proteinosis caused by mutations in CSF2RA."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Exp Med (2008)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1084/jem.20080990"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20080990"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "18955570"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18955570"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 16, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Hong-Zhi Xu, Ai Li, Yuan Yu, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "[Expression of G-CSF and GM-CSF receptors on CD34 positive cells in aplastic anemia and myelodysplastic syndrome patients and its significance]."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Zhongguo Shi Yan Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi (2008)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "19099633"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19099633"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 17, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Jenna Hildebrandt, Ebru Yalcin, Hans-Georg Bresser, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Characterization of CSF2RA mutation related juvenile pulmonary alveolar proteinosis."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Orphanet J Rare Dis (2014)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1186/s13023-014-0171-z"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13023-014-0171-z"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "25425184"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25425184"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 18, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Elza Evren, Emma Ringqvist, Jean-Marc Doisne, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "CD116+ fetal precursors migrate to the perinatal lung and give rise to human alveolar macrophages."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Exp Med (2022)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1084/jem.20210987"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20210987"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "35019940"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35019940"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 19, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "T Lencz, T V Morgan, M Athanasiou, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Converging evidence for a pseudoautosomal cytokine receptor gene locus in schizophrenia."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mol Psychiatry (2007)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/sj.mp.4001983"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.mp.4001983"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "17522711"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17522711"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 20, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Lucia Conti, Marco Cardone, Barbara Varano, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Role of the cytokine environment and cytokine receptor expression on the generation of functionally distinct dendritic cells from human monocytes."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Eur J Immunol (2008)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1002/eji.200737395"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/eji.200737395"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "18236400"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18236400"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 21, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Shilong Sun, Fan Wang, Jun Wei, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Association between interleukin-3 receptor alpha polymorphism and schizophrenia in the Chinese population."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Neurosci Lett (2008)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.neulet.2008.05.029"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2008.05.029"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "18547720"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18547720"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 22, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Jonathan I Goldstein, Douglas J Kominsky, Nicole Jacobson, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Defective leukocyte GM-CSF receptor (CD116) expression and function in inflammatory bowel disease."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Gastroenterology (2011)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1053/j.gastro.2011.03.060"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2011.03.060"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "21557945"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21557945"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 23, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Sami Ridwan, Henrike Bauer, Katrin Frauenknecht, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Distribution of granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor and its receptor α-subunit in the adult human brain with specific reference to Alzheimer's disease."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Neural Transm (Vienna) (2012)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1007/s00702-012-0794-y"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-012-0794-y"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "22430742"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22430742"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 24, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Annemarie van Nieuwenhuijze, Marije Koenders, Debbie Roeleveld, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "GM-CSF as a therapeutic target in inflammatory diseases."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mol Immunol (2013)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.molimm.2013.05.002"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molimm.2013.05.002"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "23933508"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23933508"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 25, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Bo-Kyung Son, Daigo Sawaki, Shota Tomida, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor is required for aortic dissection/intramural haematoma."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nat Commun (2015)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/ncomms7994"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms7994"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "25923510"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25923510"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 26, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Igal Ifergan, Todd S Davidson, Hania Kebir, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Targeting the GM-CSF receptor for the treatment of CNS autoimmunity."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Autoimmun (2017)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.jaut.2017.06.005"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2017.06.005"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "28641926"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28641926"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 27, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Eefje M van Helvoort, Niels Eijkelkamp, Floris P J G Lafeber, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Expression of granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor and its receptor in the synovium of osteoarthritis patients is negatively correlated with pain."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Rheumatology (Oxford) (2020)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1093/rheumatology/keaa199"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/keaa199"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "32365364"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32365364"}]}]}]}