| Name | casein beta |
| Description | This gene is a member of the beta casein family. There are two types of casein protein, beta (encoded by this gene) and kappa, both of which are secreted in human milk. Beta casein is the principal protein in human milk and the primary source of essential amino acids for a suckling infant. Beta and kappa casein proteins acting together form spherical micelles which bind within them important dietary minerals, such as calcium and phosphorous. In addition, the C-terminal 14 aa of the protein has antimicrobial activity, especially in preterm milk, displaying antibacterial activity against S. aureus and Y. enterocolitica. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2020] |
| Summary |
{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n CSN2, which encodes beta‐casein, is the predominant milk protein synthesized by differentiated mammary epithelial cells and serves as both a key nutritional component of milk and an important marker for lactogenic differentiation. Its expression is tightly controlled by an intricate network of signaling pathways that include prolactin‐mediated activation of STAT5, ERBB4 nuclear signaling, and integrin‐dependent cues from proper extracellular matrix assembly. Disruption in cell polarity or basement membrane organization—for example, via impaired laminin-111 binding or dystroglycan function—leads to altered beta‐casein transcription and, consequently, lactation defects. Moreover, the regulatory sequences of CSN2 have been effectively exploited in transgenic models to drive mammary-specific expression for the production of recombinant proteins. In addition, extracellular beta-casein can be modified post-translationally (e.g., phosphorylation by secretory kinases such as Fam20C) and is subject to proteolytic processing by specific serine proteases. Together, these studies underscore the dual role of CSN2 as both a functional milk protein essential for neonatal nutrition and a sensitive readout of the complex molecular processes governing mammary gland development and differentiation."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "8"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Christopher C Williams, June G Allison, Gregory A Vidal, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The ERBB4/HER4 receptor tyrosine kinase regulates gene expression by functioning as a STAT5A nuclear chaperone."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Cell Biol (2004)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1083/jcb.200403155"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200403155"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "15534001"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15534001"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "K C Leung, N Doyle, M Ballesteros, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Estrogen inhibits GH signaling by suppressing GH-induced JAK2 phosphorylation, an effect mediated by SOCS-2."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2003)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1073/pnas.0337600100"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0337600100"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12552091"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12552091"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Weiwen Long, Kay-Uwe Wagner, K C Kent Lloyd, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Impaired differentiation and lactational failure of Erbb4-deficient mammary glands identify ERBB4 as an obligate mediator of STAT5."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Development (2003)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1242/dev.00715"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.00715"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12954715"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12954715"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 4, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Elena Iavnilovitch, Bernd Groner, Itamar Barash "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Overexpression and forced activation of stat5 in mammary gland of transgenic mice promotes cellular proliferation, enhances differentiation, and delays postlactational apoptosis."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mol Cancer Res (2002)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12496367"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12496367"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 5, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Ren Xu, Celeste M Nelson, John L Muschler, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Sustained activation of STAT5 is essential for chromatin remodeling and maintenance of mammary-specific function."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Cell Biol (2009)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1083/jcb.200807021"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200807021"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "19139262"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19139262"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 6, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "M Lynn Weir, Maria Luisa Oppizzi, Michael D Henry, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Dystroglycan loss disrupts polarity and beta-casein induction in mammary epithelial cells by perturbing laminin anchoring."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Cell Sci (2006)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1242/jcs.03103"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1242/jcs.03103"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "16968749"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16968749"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 7, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Tetsuya Tanaka, Shingo Haneda, Kazuhiko Imakawa, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "A microRNA, miR-101a, controls mammary gland development by regulating cyclooxygenase-2 expression."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Differentiation (2009)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.diff.2008.10.001"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diff.2008.10.001"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "19281778"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19281778"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 8, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Ai-Ming Yu, Katsumi Fukamachi, Kristopher W Krausz, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Potential role for human cytochrome P450 3A4 in estradiol homeostasis."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Endocrinology (2005)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1210/en.2004-1248"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2004-1248"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "15817670"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15817670"}]}]}]}
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| Synonyms | CASB |
| Proteins | CASB_HUMAN |
| NCBI Gene ID | 1447 |
| API | |
| Download Associations | |
| Predicted Functions |
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| Co-expressed Genes |
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| Expression in Tissues and Cell Lines |
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CSN2 has 2,587 functional associations with biological entities spanning 8 categories (molecular profile, organism, chemical, functional term, phrase or reference, disease, phenotype or trait, structural feature, cell line, cell type or tissue, gene, protein or microRNA) extracted from 75 datasets.
Click the + buttons to view associations for CSN2 from the datasets below.
If available, associations are ranked by standardized value
| Dataset | Summary | |
|---|---|---|
| Allen Brain Atlas Adult Mouse Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles | tissues with high or low expression of CSN2 gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Adult Mouse Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by Microarray | tissue samples with high or low expression of CSN2 gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by Microarray dataset. | |
| BioGPS Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles | cell lines with high or low expression of CSN2 gene relative to other cell lines from the BioGPS Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| BioGPS Human Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles | cell types and tissues with high or low expression of CSN2 gene relative to other cell types and tissues from the BioGPS Human Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| BioGPS Mouse Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles | cell types and tissues with high or low expression of CSN2 gene relative to other cell types and tissues from the BioGPS Mouse Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles | cell lines with high or low copy number of CSN2 gene relative to other cell lines from the CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset. | |
| CCLE Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles | cell lines with high or low expression of CSN2 gene relative to other cell lines from the CCLE Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| CCLE Cell Line Proteomics | Cell lines associated with CSN2 protein from the CCLE Cell Line Proteomics dataset. | |
| CellMarker Gene-Cell Type Associations | cell types associated with CSN2 gene from the CellMarker Gene-Cell Type Associations dataset. | |
| ChEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles | transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of CSN2 gene from the CHEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset. | |
| ChEA Transcription Factor Targets | transcription factors binding the promoter of CSN2 gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets dataset. | |
| ChEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022 | transcription factors binding the promoter of CSN2 gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022 dataset. | |
| CMAP Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules | small molecule perturbations changing expression of CSN2 gene from the CMAP Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules dataset. | |
| COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores | cellular components containing CSN2 protein from the COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset. | |
| COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores | cellular components co-occuring with CSN2 protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset. | |
| COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles | cell lines with CSN2 gene mutations from the COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles dataset. | |
| CTD Gene-Chemical Interactions | chemicals interacting with CSN2 gene/protein from the curated CTD Gene-Chemical Interactions dataset. | |
| CTD Gene-Disease Associations | diseases associated with CSN2 gene/protein from the curated CTD Gene-Disease Associations dataset. | |
| DepMap CRISPR Gene Dependency | cell lines with fitness changed by CSN2 gene knockdown relative to other cell lines from the DepMap CRISPR Gene Dependency dataset. | |
| DEPOD Substrates of Phosphatases | phosphatases that dephosphorylate CSN2 protein from the curated DEPOD Substrates of Phosphatases dataset. | |
| DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores | diseases co-occuring with CSN2 gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores dataset. | |
| DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025 | diseases co-occuring with CSN2 gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores 2025 dataset. | |
| DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations | diseases associated with CSN2 gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations dataset. | |
| DisGeNET Gene-Phenotype Associations | phenotypes associated with CSN2 gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Phenoptype Associations dataset. | |
| ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles | transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of CSN2 gene from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset. | |
| ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets | transcription factors binding the promoter of CSN2 gene in ChIP-seq datasets from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets dataset. | |
| GDSC Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles | cell lines with high or low expression of CSN2 gene relative to other cell lines from the GDSC Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| GeneRIF Biological Term Annotations | biological terms co-occuring with CSN2 gene in literature-supported statements describing functions of genes from the GeneRIF Biological Term Annotations dataset. | |
| GeneSigDB Published Gene Signatures | PubMedIDs of publications reporting gene signatures containing CSN2 from the GeneSigDB Published Gene Signatures dataset. | |
| GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Diseases | disease perturbations changing expression of CSN2 gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Diseases dataset. | |
| GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Gene Perturbations | gene perturbations changing expression of CSN2 gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Gene Perturbations dataset. | |
| GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Kinase Perturbations | kinase perturbations changing expression of CSN2 gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Kinase Perturbations dataset. | |
| GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules | small molecule perturbations changing expression of CSN2 gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules dataset. | |
| GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Transcription Factor Perturbations | transcription factor perturbations changing expression of CSN2 gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Transcription Factor Perturbations dataset. | |
| GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Viral Infections | virus perturbations changing expression of CSN2 gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Viral Infections dataset. | |
| GO Biological Process Annotations 2015 | biological processes involving CSN2 gene from the curated GO Biological Process Annotations 2015 dataset. | |
| GO Biological Process Annotations 2023 | biological processes involving CSN2 gene from the curated GO Biological Process Annotations 2023 dataset. | |
| GO Cellular Component Annotations 2015 | cellular components containing CSN2 protein from the curated GO Cellular Component Annotations 2015 dataset. | |
| GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 | molecular functions performed by CSN2 gene from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset. | |
| GO Molecular Function Annotations 2023 | molecular functions performed by CSN2 gene from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2023 dataset. | |
| GTEx Tissue Gene Expression Profiles | tissues with high or low expression of CSN2 gene relative to other tissues from the GTEx Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| GTEx Tissue Gene Expression Profiles 2023 | tissues with high or low expression of CSN2 gene relative to other tissues from the GTEx Tissue Gene Expression Profiles 2023 dataset. | |
| Heiser et al., PNAS, 2011 Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles | cell lines with high or low expression of CSN2 gene relative to other cell lines from the Heiser et al., PNAS, 2011 Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| HPA Tissue Protein Expression Profiles | tissues with high or low expression of CSN2 protein relative to other tissues from the HPA Tissue Protein Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| Hub Proteins Protein-Protein Interactions | interacting hub proteins for CSN2 from the curated Hub Proteins Protein-Protein Interactions dataset. | |
| InterPro Predicted Protein Domain Annotations | protein domains predicted for CSN2 protein from the InterPro Predicted Protein Domain Annotations dataset. | |
| JASPAR Predicted Transcription Factor Targets | transcription factors regulating expression of CSN2 gene predicted using known transcription factor binding site motifs from the JASPAR Predicted Transcription Factor Targets dataset. | |
| KEA Substrates of Kinases | kinases that phosphorylate CSN2 protein from the curated KEA Substrates of Kinases dataset. | |
| Klijn et al., Nat. Biotechnol., 2015 Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles | cell lines with high or low copy number of CSN2 gene relative to other cell lines from the Klijn et al., Nat. Biotechnol., 2015 Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset. | |
| KnockTF Gene Expression Profiles with Transcription Factor Perturbations | transcription factor perturbations changing expression of CSN2 gene from the KnockTF Gene Expression Profiles with Transcription Factor Perturbations dataset. | |
| LINCS L1000 CMAP Chemical Perturbation Consensus Signatures | small molecule perturbations changing expression of CSN2 gene from the LINCS L1000 CMAP Chemical Perturbations Consensus Signatures dataset. | |
| LOCATE Curated Protein Localization Annotations | cellular components containing CSN2 protein in low- or high-throughput protein localization assays from the LOCATE Curated Protein Localization Annotations dataset. | |
| LOCATE Predicted Protein Localization Annotations | cellular components predicted to contain CSN2 protein from the LOCATE Predicted Protein Localization Annotations dataset. | |
| MGI Mouse Phenotype Associations 2023 | phenotypes of transgenic mice caused by CSN2 gene mutations from the MGI Mouse Phenotype Associations 2023 dataset. | |
| MotifMap Predicted Transcription Factor Targets | transcription factors regulating expression of CSN2 gene predicted using known transcription factor binding site motifs from the MotifMap Predicted Transcription Factor Targets dataset. | |
| MoTrPAC Rat Endurance Exercise Training | tissue samples with high or low expression of CSN2 gene relative to other tissue samples from the MoTrPAC Rat Endurance Exercise Training dataset. | |
| MPO Gene-Phenotype Associations | phenotypes of transgenic mice caused by CSN2 gene mutations from the MPO Gene-Phenotype Associations dataset. | |
| MSigDB Cancer Gene Co-expression Modules | co-expressed genes for CSN2 from the MSigDB Cancer Gene Co-expression Modules dataset. | |
| MSigDB Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Cancer Gene Perturbations | gene perturbations changing expression of CSN2 gene from the MSigDB Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Cancer Gene Perturbations dataset. | |
| Pathway Commons Protein-Protein Interactions | interacting proteins for CSN2 from the Pathway Commons Protein-Protein Interactions dataset. | |
| PerturbAtlas Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Mouse Gene Perturbations | gene perturbations changing expression of CSN2 gene from the PerturbAtlas Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Gene Perturbations dataset. | |
| PFOCR Pathway Figure Associations 2023 | pathways involving CSN2 protein from the PFOCR Pathway Figure Associations 2023 dataset. | |
| PFOCR Pathway Figure Associations 2024 | pathways involving CSN2 protein from the Wikipathways PFOCR 2024 dataset. | |
| Phosphosite Textmining Biological Term Annotations | biological terms co-occuring with CSN2 protein in abstracts of publications describing phosphosites from the Phosphosite Textmining Biological Term Annotations dataset. | |
| PID Pathways | pathways involving CSN2 protein from the PID Pathways dataset. | |
| Reactome Pathways 2014 | pathways involving CSN2 protein from the Reactome Pathways dataset. | |
| Reactome Pathways 2024 | pathways involving CSN2 protein from the Reactome Pathways 2024 dataset. | |
| RummaGEO Drug Perturbation Signatures | drug perturbations changing expression of CSN2 gene from the RummaGEO Drug Perturbation Signatures dataset. | |
| RummaGEO Gene Perturbation Signatures | gene perturbations changing expression of CSN2 gene from the RummaGEO Gene Perturbation Signatures dataset. | |
| TargetScan Predicted Conserved microRNA Targets | microRNAs regulating expression of CSN2 gene predicted using conserved miRNA seed sequences from the TargetScan Predicted Conserved microRNA Targets dataset. | |
| TargetScan Predicted Nonconserved microRNA Targets | microRNAs regulating expression of CSN2 gene predicted using nonconserved miRNA seed sequences from the TargetScan Predicted Nonconserved microRNA Targets dataset. | |
| TCGA Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Tumors | tissue samples with high or low expression of CSN2 gene relative to other tissue samples from the TCGA Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Tumors dataset. | |
| TISSUES Curated Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores | tissues with high expression of CSN2 protein from the TISSUES Curated Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores dataset. | |
| TISSUES Text-mining Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores | tissues co-occuring with CSN2 protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the TISSUES Text-mining Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores dataset. | |
| WikiPathways Pathways 2024 | pathways involving CSN2 protein from the WikiPathways Pathways 2024 dataset. | |
