{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n CTNND2 encodes delta‐catenin, an adhesive junction–associated protein that plays multifaceted roles in both neural development and disease. In the nervous system, delta‐catenin regulates dendritic morphogenesis and spine maturation by modulating RhoA signaling through its interaction with p190RhoGEF, thereby promoting the formation of dendrite‐like processes and influencing synaptic plasticity."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " It also serves as a key component of synaptic adhesion complexes by binding to classical cadherins and associating with scaffolding proteins—such as Densin‐180 and Kaiso—to regulate the stabilization of AMPA receptors and the activity‐dependent enlargement of postsynaptic spines."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "3", "end_ref": "6"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Genetic studies have implicated CTNND2 in neurodevelopmental disorders; rare copy‐number variations and deleterious missense as well as dosage sequence variants have been identified in cases of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism, and schizophrenia, highlighting its critical contribution to neuronal network formation."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "7", "end_ref": "9"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " In addition, genome‐wide association analyses have linked CTNND2 to high myopia"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "10"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ", and studies in cancer indicate that delta‐catenin is overexpressed in prostate tumors – where its upregulation correlates with disrupted E‐cadherin and p120–catenin junctional organization – and is detectable in urine from prostate cancer patients, suggesting its potential as a noninvasive biomarker."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "11", "end_ref": "13"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Moreover, delta‐catenin’s involvement in anchoring AMPA receptor complexes with cadherins further underscores its role in stabilizing synaptic contacts, a function that may contribute to its association with cognitive disorders when dysregulated."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "5"}, {"type": "fg_f", "ref": "2"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " In summary, CTNND2/delta‐catenin is integral for coordinating cell–cell adhesion, cytoskeletal dynamics, and signal transduction in neurons, while its aberrant expression or genetic alteration is increasingly recognized in the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders, high myopia, and certain cancers.\n "}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Hangun Kim, Jeong-Ran Han, Jaejun Park, et al. 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