{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n CTXN3, also known as cortexin 3, is a small, highly conserved protein that appears to function as an integral membrane component in both the brain and kidney. Initial molecular characterization revealed that the CTXN3 gene encodes an 81–amino acid protein containing a predicted single membrane‐spanning domain, suggesting that it may mediate extracellular or intracellular signaling processes specific to these tissues."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " In the context of neuropsychiatric function, imaging genetics and genome‐wide association studies have implicated the genomic region spanning CTXN3 and adjacent SLC12A2 in modulating forebrain development and the stress response; in particular, variants in this region have been linked to altered prefrontal efficiency during working memory tasks in schizophrenia patients."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "2"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Moreover, independent association analyses have identified polymorphisms in CTXN3 that are significantly associated with increased schizophrenia risk, raising the possibility that altered expression of cortexin 3 may disrupt GABAergic neurotransmission and/or the metabolism of amyloid precursor protein during brain development"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "3"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "and."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "4"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " In addition, transcriptomic profiling studies of retinal ganglion cells have proposed CTXN3 as a candidate molecular marker for a specific intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell subtype, suggesting a broader role in cell‐type specific differentiation."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "5"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Collectively, these findings indicate that CTXN3 may be an important mediator of tissue‐specific signaling and development, with its genetic variation contributing to neural circuit efficiency and the pathogenesis of disorders such as schizophrenia.\n "}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Hai Tao Wang, Ji Wu Chang, Zhi Guo, et al. 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"}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Association between 5q23.2-located polymorphism of CTXN3 gene (Cortexin 3) and schizophrenia in European-Caucasian males; implications for the aetiology of schizophrenia."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Behav Brain Funct (2015)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1186/s12993-015-0057-9"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12993-015-0057-9"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "25889058"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25889058"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 4, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Benjaporn Panichareon, Kazuhiro Nakayama, Sadahiko Iwamoto, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Association of CTXN3-SLC12A2 polymorphisms and schizophrenia in a Thai population."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Behav Brain Funct (2012)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1186/1744-9081-8-27"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1186/1744-9081-8-27"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "22643131"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22643131"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 5, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Lauren A Laboissonniere, Jillian J Goetz, Gregory M Martin, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Molecular signatures of retinal ganglion cells revealed through single cell profiling."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Sci Rep (2019)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/s41598-019-52215-4"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-52215-4"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "31673015"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31673015"}]}]}]}