DRD2 Gene

HGNC Family	G protein-coupled receptors
Name	dopamine receptor D2
Description	This gene encodes the D2 subtype of the dopamine receptor. This G-protein coupled receptor inhibits adenylyl cyclase activity. A missense mutation in this gene causes myoclonus dystonia; other mutations have been associated with schizophrenia. Alternative splicing of this gene results in two transcript variants encoding different isoforms. A third variant has been described, but it has not been determined whether this form is normal or due to aberrant splicing. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]
Summary	{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n The dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) plays a multifaceted role in modulating brain function. At the molecular level, recent structural studies have revealed unique aspects of DRD2 drug binding and activation, with high‐resolution crystallography and targeted mutagenesis showing that regions such as the extracellular loop (E2) contribute significantly to ligand recognition and receptor conformation."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Functionally, DRD2 is critical in dopaminergic signaling within striatal and prefrontal circuits. Investigations using postmortem mRNA expression analysis, in vivo imaging and electrophysiologic approaches have demonstrated that DRD2 regulates working memory, reinforcement learning, and feedback/error monitoring. These studies show that regulatory polymorphisms alter DRD2 transcript levels and splicing, thereby modifying signaling efficiency and cognitive processing."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "3", "end_ref": "5"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Genetic variation in DRD2, most notably the Taq1A polymorphism, has been repeatedly associated with altered receptor density and dopamine transmission. Such genetic differences have been linked with vulnerability to addictive behaviors, impulsivity, obesity, and related neuropsychiatric disorders. Meta-analyses and candidate gene studies have further underscored how these DRD2 variants contribute to risk profiles for substance abuse and other behavioral phenotypes."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "6"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Beyond neuronal signaling, DRD2 expressed on astrocytes has been shown to modulate innate immune responses in the central nervous system. Activation of astrocytic DRD2 can suppress neuroinflammation and protect dopaminergic neurons from toxin-induced damage, highlighting a noncanonical role for the receptor in neuroimmune regulation."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "8"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n In the context of neurodegenerative conditions such as Huntington’s disease, reduced DRD2 expression is observed and is thought to contribute to striatal dysfunction. Studies have demonstrated that interventions, for example via brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), can restore DRD2 levels and alleviate motor and cognitive deficits associated with disease."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "9"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Finally, DRD2 genetic variability appears to influence attentional and behavioral regulation, as evidenced by its inclusion among candidate genes in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) studies and research on self-regulation. Variants in DRD2 are associated with differential sensitivity to environmental factors, which may shape individual trajectories in cognitive and motivational processes."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "11"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Collectively, these findings underscore the broad functional impact of DRD2 across molecular, cellular, and systems levels. By orchestrating key facets of dopamine neurotransmission, DRD2 influences learning, decision making, immune modulation, and disease susceptibility, and thus represents an important therapeutic target in a range of neuropsychiatric disorders.\n "}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Sheng Wang, Tao Che, Anat Levit, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Structure of the D2 dopamine receptor bound to the atypical antipsychotic drug risperidone."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nature (2018)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/nature25758"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/nature25758"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "29466326"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29466326"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Lei Shi, Jonathan A Javitch "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The second extracellular loop of the dopamine D2 receptor lines the binding-site crevice."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2004)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1073/pnas.2237265100"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2237265100"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "14704269"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14704269"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Ying Zhang, Alessandro Bertolino, Leonardo Fazio, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Polymorphisms in human dopamine D2 receptor gene affect gene expression, splicing, and neuronal activity during working memory."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2007)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1073/pnas.0707106104"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0707106104"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "18077373"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18077373"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 4, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Michael J Frank, Bradley B Doll, Jen Oas-Terpstra, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Prefrontal and striatal dopaminergic genes predict individual differences in exploration and exploitation."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nat Neurosci (2009)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/nn.2342"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.2342"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "19620978"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19620978"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 5, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Tilmann A Klein, Jane Neumann, Martin Reuter, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Genetically determined differences in learning from errors."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Science (2007)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1126/science.1145044"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1145044"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "18063800"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18063800"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 6, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Ernest P Noble "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "D2 dopamine receptor gene in psychiatric and neurologic disorders and its phenotypes."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet (2003)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1002/ajmg.b.10005"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.b.10005"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12497624"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12497624"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 7, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "M R Munafò, I J Matheson, J Flint "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Association of the DRD2 gene Taq1A polymorphism and alcoholism: a meta-analysis of case-control studies and evidence of publication bias."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mol Psychiatry (2007)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/sj.mp.4001938"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.mp.4001938"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "17453061"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17453061"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 8, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Wei Shao, Shu-zhen Zhang, Mi Tang, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Suppression of neuroinflammation by astrocytic dopamine D2 receptors via αB-crystallin."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nature (2013)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/nature11748"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11748"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "23242137"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23242137"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 9, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Anthone W Dunah, Hyunkyung Jeong, April Griffin, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Sp1 and TAFII130 transcriptional activity disrupted in early Huntington's disease."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Science (2002)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1126/science.1072613"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1072613"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "11988536"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11988536"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 10, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Yuxiang Xie, Michael R Hayden, Baoji Xu "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "BDNF overexpression in the forebrain rescues Huntington's disease phenotypes in YAC128 mice."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Neurosci (2010)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1637-10.2010"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1637-10.2010"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "21048129"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21048129"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 11, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Jessica Lasky-Su, Benjamin M Neale, Barbara Franke, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Genome-wide association scan of quantitative traits for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder identifies novel associations and confirms candidate gene associations."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet (2008)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1002/ajmg.b.30867"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.b.30867"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "18821565"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18821565"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 12, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Jay Belsky, Kevin M Beaver "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cumulative-genetic plasticity, parenting and adolescent self-regulation."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Child Psychol Psychiatry (2011)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02327.x"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02327.x"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "21039487"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21039487"}]}]}]}
Synonyms	D2R, D2DR
Proteins	DRD2_HUMAN
NCBI Gene ID	1813
API
Download Associations
Predicted Functions
Co-expressed Genes
Expression in Tissues and Cell Lines

Functional Associations

DRD2 has 11,125 functional associations with biological entities spanning 9 categories (molecular profile, organism, functional term, phrase or reference, chemical, disease, phenotype or trait, structural feature, cell line, cell type or tissue, gene, protein or microRNA, sequence feature) extracted from 134 datasets.

Click the + buttons to view associations for DRD2 from the datasets below.

If available, associations are ranked by standardized value

Harmonizome 3.0

DRD2 Gene

Functional Associations

Please acknowledge the Harmonizome in your publications by citing the following reference(s):

	Dataset	Summary
	Achilles Cell Line Gene Essentiality Profiles	cell lines with fitness changed by DRD2 gene knockdown relative to other cell lines from the Achilles Cell Line Gene Essentiality Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Adult Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	tissues with high or low expression of DRD2 gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Adult Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Adult Mouse Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	tissues with high or low expression of DRD2 gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Adult Mouse Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Aging Dementia and Traumatic Brain Injury Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles	tissue samples with high or low expression of DRD2 gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Aging Dementia and Traumatic Brain Injury Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by Microarray	tissue samples with high or low expression of DRD2 gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by Microarray dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by RNA-seq	tissue samples with high or low expression of DRD2 gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by RNA-seq dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Prenatal Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	tissues with high or low expression of DRD2 gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Prenatal Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Biocarta Pathways	pathways involving DRD2 protein from the Biocarta Pathways dataset.
	BioGPS Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles	cell lines with high or low expression of DRD2 gene relative to other cell lines from the BioGPS Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	BioGPS Human Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	cell types and tissues with high or low expression of DRD2 gene relative to other cell types and tissues from the BioGPS Human Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	BioGPS Mouse Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	cell types and tissues with high or low expression of DRD2 gene relative to other cell types and tissues from the BioGPS Mouse Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Carcinogenome Chemical Perturbation Carcinogenicity Signatures	small molecule perturbations changing expression of DRD2 gene from the Carcinogenome Chemical Perturbation Carcinogenicity Signatures dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles	cell lines with high or low copy number of DRD2 gene relative to other cell lines from the CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles	cell lines with high or low expression of DRD2 gene relative to other cell lines from the CCLE Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles	cell lines with DRD2 gene mutations from the CCLE Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles dataset.
	CellMarker Gene-Cell Type Associations	cell types associated with DRD2 gene from the CellMarker Gene-Cell Type Associations dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles	transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of DRD2 gene from the CHEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Targets	transcription factors binding the promoter of DRD2 gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022	transcription factors binding the promoter of DRD2 gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022 dataset.
	ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations	phenotypes associated with DRD2 gene from the curated ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations dataset.
	ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations 2025	phenotypes associated with DRD2 gene from the curated ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations 2025 dataset.
	CMAP Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules	small molecule perturbations changing expression of DRD2 gene from the CMAP Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores	cellular components containing DRD2 protein from the COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025	cellular components containing DRD2 protein from the COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores	cellular components co-occuring with DRD2 protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025	cellular components co-occuring with DRD2 protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	COSMIC Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles	cell lines with high or low copy number of DRD2 gene relative to other cell lines from the COSMIC Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset.
	COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles	cell lines with DRD2 gene mutations from the COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles dataset.
	CTD Gene-Chemical Interactions	chemicals interacting with DRD2 gene/protein from the curated CTD Gene-Chemical Interactions dataset.
	CTD Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with DRD2 gene/protein from the curated CTD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
	dbGAP Gene-Trait Associations	traits associated with DRD2 gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the dbGAP Gene-Trait Associations dataset.
	DepMap CRISPR Gene Dependency	cell lines with fitness changed by DRD2 gene knockdown relative to other cell lines from the DepMap CRISPR Gene Dependency dataset.
	DISEASES Curated Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores	diseases involving DRD2 gene from the DISEASES Curated Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores dataset.
	DISEASES Curated Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025	diseases involving DRD2 gene from the DISEASES Curated Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	DISEASES Experimental Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores	diseases associated with DRD2 gene in GWAS datasets from the DISEASES Experimental Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores dataset.
	DISEASES Experimental Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025	diseases associated with DRD2 gene in GWAS datasets from the DISEASES Experimental Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores	diseases co-occuring with DRD2 gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores dataset.
	DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025	diseases co-occuring with DRD2 gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with DRD2 gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
	DisGeNET Gene-Phenotype Associations	phenotypes associated with DRD2 gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Phenoptype Associations dataset.