{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nN‐acetyltransferase 10 (NAT10) is a multifunctional RNA acetyltransferase that catalyzes the N4‐acetylcytidine (ac4C) modification on mRNAs, thereby impacting transcript stability and translation efficiency. Through its ability to modify key mRNAs, NAT10 regulates diverse biological processes ranging from innate immune responses and stress adaptation to the precise orchestration of gametogenesis. For example, NAT10’s regulation of ULK1 mRNA stability plays a critical role in suppressing neutrophil pyroptosis during sepsis, while dynamic ac4C changes govern proper meiotic progression during spermatogenesis and oocyte development. Moreover, its involvement in the repair of UVB‐induced DNA damage further underscores its importance in maintaining cellular homeostasis during stress and regeneration."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "5"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nBeyond its essential role in gene regulation, NAT10 significantly influences inflammatory and immune responses. In various models of inflammatory disease, altered NAT10 expression modulates the production of inflammatory mediators via regulation of oxidative stress and NF‐κB signaling. This is exemplified by its ability to impact pathways that drive periodontitis, pulmonary fibrosis, and even neuropathic pain—all contexts in which altered ac4C modification leads to dysregulated mRNA stability. In addition, emerging evidence points to a role for NAT10 in skeletal muscle under inflammatory stress and in the cognitive deficits seen in sepsis‐associated encephalopathy."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "6", "end_ref": "10"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nNAT10 also plays pivotal roles in tumorigenesis, metastasis, and cardiovascular pathologies. Elevated NAT10 expression has been linked to enhanced tumor progression in esophageal and bladder cancers, and it appears to facilitate lymphangiogenesis in clear‐cell renal cell carcinoma. Parallel to its oncogenic functions, NAT10 is implicated in cardiac disorders; by modulating the ac4C status of transcripts involved in metabolic reprogramming and cell death pathways such as ferroptosis, it contributes to both heart failure and the exacerbation of ischemia–reperfusion injury. Moreover, its activity is associated with the regulation of inflammatory immune cell infiltration in rheumatoid arthritis, further illustrating the enzyme’s extensive impact on disease pathogenesis."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "11", "end_ref": "16"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Hao Zhang, Zhaoyuan Chen, Ji'an Zhou, et al. 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