{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Endothelial cell‐specific chemotaxis regulator (ECSCR), also known as endothelial cell‐specific molecule‐2 (ECSM2), is a transmembrane glycoprotein expressed almost exclusively by endothelial cells. Studies have demonstrated that ECSCR plays a critical role in angiogenesis by modulating endothelial cell migration, chemotaxis, and tube formation. Its function is closely linked to actin cytoskeletal dynamics through direct interactions with cytoskeletal modulators such as filamin A, which in turn helps regulate cell–cell adhesion and the formation of filopodia (see."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "3"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n \n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Moreover, ECSCR contributes to signal transduction pathways critical for vascular homeostasis; for example, it has been shown to associate with the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (KDR), thereby enhancing VEGF‐induced receptor activation and subsequent downstream signaling through AKT and ERK pathways."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "4"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " In addition, alternative splicing generates multiple isoforms of ECSCR which appear to differentially modulate endothelial cell behavior and migration."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "6"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n \n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Notably, ECSCR’s role is not confined to classical vascular functions. In white adipose tissue, for instance, deletion of ECSCR has been associated with enhanced insulin-mediated activation of Akt/endothelial nitric oxide synthase, improved glucose tolerance, and protection from diet-induced obesity—indicating a role in the regulation of energy metabolism and lipolysis."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "8"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Furthermore, the development of specific monoclonal antibodies against human ECSM2 has facilitated its detection on the endothelial cell surface, thereby confirming its tissue-specific localization."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "9"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n \n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n In summary, ECSCR is a multifaceted regulator in endothelial biology. By coordinating cell adhesion, migration, and growth factor receptor signaling, it is essential for proper angiogenic responses, while also impacting metabolic functions. Collectively, these findings highlight ECSCR as a promising therapeutic target for diverse vascular disorders, metabolic syndrome, and possibly for cancer treatment ("}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ").\n "}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Laura-Jane Armstrong, Victoria L Heath, Sharon Sanderson, et al. 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