{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n FGF11 is an intracellular member of the fibroblast growth factor homologous factor (FHF) family that, despite its striking structural resemblance to classical secreted FGFs, does not activate canonical FGF receptors but instead interacts with distinct intracellular partners (such as the kinase scaffold IB2 and voltage‐gated sodium channels)."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Emerging evidence indicates that FGF11 plays multifaceted roles in a broad spectrum of biological contexts. In immune regulation and cancer, for example, aberrant modulation of FGF11 by miRNAs has been linked to altered T‐cell proliferation and differentiation as well as to the suppression of androgen receptor signaling and subsequent enhancement of matrix metalloproteinase‐9 activity, thereby promoting invasive properties in prostate tumors."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "2"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " In diabetic nephropathy, a regulatory axis involving circ_0080425 and miR‑24‑3p relieves miRNA suppression of FGF11, leading to increased mesangial cell proliferation and fibrosis."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "4"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " In the vascular context, FGF11 is induced by hypoxia in endothelial cells; it promotes the stabilization of capillary‐like tube structures by upregulating tight junction proteins and reinforcing hypoxic responses through the stabilization of HIF‑1α, a process that further integrates its oncogenic potential in non‐small cell lung cancer."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "5", "end_ref": "7"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Moreover, within adipocyte differentiation, FGF11 indirectly regulates the master adipogenic transcription factor PPARγ by modulating several of its upstream regulators."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "8"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Finally, while FGF11 is among several FGF ligands expressed in human airway basal cells, its intracellular localization underscores its distinct mode of action compared with classical, secreted FGFs."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "9"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Collectively, these findings reveal that FGF11 functions in a context‐dependent manner to modulate intracellular signaling pathways that govern cell proliferation, differentiation, stress responses, and tissue remodeling, thereby contributing to diverse pathophysiological processes including tumor progression, immune regulation, metabolic dysfunction, and vascular stabilization.\n "}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Shaun K Olsen, Meirav Garbi, Niccolo Zampieri, et al. 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