FMN2 Gene

Name	formin 2
Description	This gene is a member of the formin homology protein family. The encoded protein is thought to have essential roles in organization of the actin cytoskeleton and in cell polarity. This protein mediates the formation of an actin mesh that positions the spindle during oogenesis and also regulates the formation of actin filaments in the nucleus. This protein also forms a perinuclear actin/focal-adhesion system that regulates the shape and position of the nucleus during cell migration. Mutations in this gene have been associated with infertility and also with an autosomal recessive form of intellectual disability (MRT47). Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2017]
Summary	{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Formin‐2 (FMN2) is emerging as a versatile actin nucleator that orchestrates key cytoskeletal events in diverse biological contexts. In mammalian oocytes, FMN2 functions as a maternal‐effect gene required for proper chromosome positioning and spindle dynamics during meiosis. Deficiency of FMN2 disrupts microtubule‐independent chromatin positioning, thereby impairing metaphase progression and polar body extrusion, which underlies its critical role in achieving asymmetric cell division (for instance."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "4"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n \n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n FMN2 cooperates with Spire proteins to nucleate and remodel actin filaments, with recent structural insights revealing a “ping‐pong” regulatory mechanism in which the Spir and FMN2 interaction modulates actin assembly dynamics (for example."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "5"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Beyond its role at the oocyte cortex, FMN2 also accumulates in the nucleus in response to DNA damage, where it partners with Spire nucleators to generate nuclear actin filaments that facilitate efficient double‐strand break clearance."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "6"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n \n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n In addition to its critical roles during meiosis and in nuclear repair processes, FMN2 is highly expressed in the developing brain. Mutations that truncate FMN2 have been linked to reduced dendritic spine density and are associated with intellectual disability, underscoring a pivotal function for FMN2 in synaptic development and neuronal connectivity."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "7"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n \n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Together, these findings establish FMN2 as a multifunctional actin nucleator whose activities are essential for proper spindle positioning and asymmetric cell division in oocytes, efficient DNA repair through nuclear actin assembly, and the modulation of cytoskeletal architecture required for neuronal development.\n "}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Benjamin Leader, Hyunjung Lim, Mary Jo Carabatsos, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Formin-2, polyploidy, hypofertility and positioning of the meiotic spindle in mouse oocytes."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nat Cell Biol (2002)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/ncb880"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/ncb880"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12447394"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12447394"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Sybille Pfender, Vitaliy Kuznetsov, Sandra Pleiser, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Spire-type actin nucleators cooperate with Formin-2 to drive asymmetric oocyte division."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Curr Biol (2011)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.cub.2011.04.029"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2011.04.029"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "21620703"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21620703"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Pierre Montaville, Antoine Jégou, Julien Pernier, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Spire and Formin 2 synergize and antagonize in regulating actin assembly in meiosis by a ping-pong mechanism."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "PLoS Biol (2014)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1371/journal.pbio.1001795"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001795"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "24586110"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24586110"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 4, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Kathleen Scheffler, Julia Uraji, Ida Jentoft, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Two mechanisms drive pronuclear migration in mouse zygotes."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nat Commun (2021)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/s41467-021-21020-x"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-21020-x"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "33547291"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33547291"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 5, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Kornelius Zeth, Markos Pechlivanis, Annette Samol, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Molecular basis of actin nucleation factor cooperativity: crystal structure of the Spir-1 kinase non-catalytic C-lobe domain (KIND)•formin-2 formin SPIR interaction motif (FSI) complex."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Biol Chem (2011)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1074/jbc.M111.257782"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M111.257782"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "21705804"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21705804"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 6, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Brittany J Belin, Terri Lee, R Dyche Mullins "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "DNA damage induces nuclear actin filament assembly by Formin -2 and Spire-½ that promotes efficient DNA repair. [corrected]."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Elife (2015)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.7554/eLife.07735"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.07735"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "26287480"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26287480"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 7, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Rosalind Law, Tracy Dixon-Salazar, Julie Jerber, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Biallelic truncating mutations in FMN2, encoding the actin-regulatory protein Formin 2, cause nonsyndromic autosomal-recessive intellectual disability."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Am J Hum Genet (2014)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.10.016"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.10.016"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "25480035"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25480035"}]}]}]}
Proteins	FMN2_HUMAN
NCBI Gene ID	56776
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Predicted Functions
Co-expressed Genes
Expression in Tissues and Cell Lines

Functional Associations

FMN2 has 5,177 functional associations with biological entities spanning 9 categories (molecular profile, organism, disease, phenotype or trait, functional term, phrase or reference, chemical, structural feature, cell line, cell type or tissue, gene, protein or microRNA, sequence feature) extracted from 110 datasets.

Click the + buttons to view associations for FMN2 from the datasets below.

If available, associations are ranked by standardized value

Harmonizome 3.0

FMN2 Gene

Functional Associations

Please acknowledge the Harmonizome in your publications by citing the following reference(s):

	Dataset	Summary
	Allen Brain Atlas Adult Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	tissues with high or low expression of FMN2 gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Adult Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Adult Mouse Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	tissues with high or low expression of FMN2 gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Adult Mouse Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Aging Dementia and Traumatic Brain Injury Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles	tissue samples with high or low expression of FMN2 gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Aging Dementia and Traumatic Brain Injury Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by Microarray	tissue samples with high or low expression of FMN2 gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by Microarray dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by RNA-seq	tissue samples with high or low expression of FMN2 gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by RNA-seq dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Prenatal Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	tissues with high or low expression of FMN2 gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Prenatal Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	BioGPS Human Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	cell types and tissues with high or low expression of FMN2 gene relative to other cell types and tissues from the BioGPS Human Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	BioGPS Mouse Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	cell types and tissues with high or low expression of FMN2 gene relative to other cell types and tissues from the BioGPS Mouse Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles	cell lines with high or low copy number of FMN2 gene relative to other cell lines from the CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles	cell lines with high or low expression of FMN2 gene relative to other cell lines from the CCLE Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles	cell lines with FMN2 gene mutations from the CCLE Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles dataset.
	CellMarker Gene-Cell Type Associations	cell types associated with FMN2 gene from the CellMarker Gene-Cell Type Associations dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles	transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of FMN2 gene from the CHEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Targets	transcription factors binding the promoter of FMN2 gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022	transcription factors binding the promoter of FMN2 gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022 dataset.
	ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations	phenotypes associated with FMN2 gene from the curated ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations dataset.
	ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations 2025	phenotypes associated with FMN2 gene from the curated ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations 2025 dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores	cellular components containing FMN2 protein from the COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025	cellular components containing FMN2 protein from the COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores	cellular components co-occuring with FMN2 protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025	cellular components co-occuring with FMN2 protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	COSMIC Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles	cell lines with high or low copy number of FMN2 gene relative to other cell lines from the COSMIC Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset.
	COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles	cell lines with FMN2 gene mutations from the COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles dataset.
	CTD Gene-Chemical Interactions	chemicals interacting with FMN2 gene/protein from the curated CTD Gene-Chemical Interactions dataset.
	CTD Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with FMN2 gene/protein from the curated CTD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
	dbGAP Gene-Trait Associations	traits associated with FMN2 gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the dbGAP Gene-Trait Associations dataset.
	DepMap CRISPR Gene Dependency	cell lines with fitness changed by FMN2 gene knockdown relative to other cell lines from the DepMap CRISPR Gene Dependency dataset.
	DISEASES Experimental Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores	diseases associated with FMN2 gene in GWAS datasets from the DISEASES Experimental Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores dataset.
	DISEASES Experimental Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025	diseases associated with FMN2 gene in GWAS datasets from the DISEASES Experimental Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores	diseases co-occuring with FMN2 gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores dataset.
	DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025	diseases co-occuring with FMN2 gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with FMN2 gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
	DisGeNET Gene-Phenotype Associations	phenotypes associated with FMN2 gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Phenoptype Associations dataset.
	ENCODE Histone Modification Site Profiles	histone modification site profiles with high histone modification abundance at FMN2 gene from the ENCODE Histone Modification Site Profiles dataset.
	ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles	transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of FMN2 gene from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset.
	ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets	transcription factors binding the promoter of FMN2 gene in ChIP-seq datasets from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets dataset.
	ESCAPE Omics Signatures of Genes and Proteins for Stem Cells	PubMedIDs of publications reporting gene signatures containing FMN2 from the ESCAPE Omics Signatures of Genes and Proteins for Stem Cells dataset.
	GAD Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with FMN2 gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the GAD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
	GAD High Level Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with FMN2 gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the GAD High Level Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
	GeneRIF Biological Term Annotations	biological terms co-occuring with FMN2 gene in literature-supported statements describing functions of genes from the GeneRIF Biological Term Annotations dataset.