FRAT2 Gene

Name	frequently rearranged in advanced T-cell lymphomas 2
Description	The protein encoded by this intronless gene belongs to the GSK-3-binding protein family. Studies show that this protein plays a role as a positive regulator of the WNT signaling pathway. It may be upregulated in tumor progression. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]
Summary	{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n FRAT2 is a multifunctional protein that acts as a positive regulator within the Wnt signaling cascade by modulating glycogen synthase kinase‐3β (GSK3β) activity and facilitating downstream β‐catenin/TCF‐mediated transcription. For example, FRAT2 is reported to be directly targeted by the miR‑29 family in chondrocytes, implying that its expression is finely tuned during joint homeostasis and osteoarthritis progression by altering canonical Wnt signaling."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " In the context of hematological malignancies, FRAT2 is upregulated by MLL fusion oncogenes where its expression modulates Rac GTPase activity via a signaling mechanism that relies on both GSK3 and Dishevelled, thereby contributing to leukemogenesis and influencing chemotherapeutic sensitivity."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "2"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n \n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n In neuronal systems, FRAT2 has been shown to enhance GSK3β‐mediated phosphorylation of tau protein at primed epitopes, suggesting a role in selective regulation of tau phosphorylation and possibly in neurodegenerative processes."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "3"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Moreover, an interaction partner, TMEM98, has been identified that attenuates FRAT2 protein levels and suppresses its ability to induce β‐catenin/TCF signaling, thereby adding an additional layer of control over Wnt pathway activation."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "4"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n \n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n The cloning and characterization of FRAT2 further established its close sequence and functional relationship with FRAT1, with both proteins serving as modulators of GSK3 activity in Wnt‐dependent and –independent processes. Elevated expression of FRAT2 in various tumors supports its role in carcinogenesis through activation of the Wnt/β‐catenin/TCF pathway"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "5"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ";."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "6"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Additionally, changes in FRAT2 expression have been observed in denervated skeletal muscle, further implicating its involvement in the regulation of Wnt signaling during muscle response to nerve injury."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "7"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Finally, epigenetic studies in gastric cancer have identified FRAT2 among oncogenes that can be reactivated through hypomethylation, reinforcing its significance in the aberrant activation of Wnt signaling in cancer."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "8"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Linh T T Le, Tracey E Swingler, Natalie Crowe, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The microRNA-29 family in cartilage homeostasis and osteoarthritis."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Mol Med (Berl) (2016)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1007/s00109-015-1374-z"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00109-015-1374-z"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "26687115"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26687115"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Vanessa Walf-Vorderwülbecke, Jasper de Boer, Sarah J Horton, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Frat2 mediates the oncogenic activation of Rac by MLL fusions."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Blood (2012)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1182/blood-2012-05-432534"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2012-05-432534"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "23074275"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23074275"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "William H Stoothoff, Jae-Hyeon Cho, Roy P McDonald, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "FRAT-2 preferentially increases glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta-mediated phosphorylation of primed sites, which results in enhanced tau phosphorylation."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Biol Chem (2005)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1074/jbc.M410061200"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M410061200"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "15522877"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15522877"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 4, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Tanne van der Wal, Jan-Paul Lambooij, Renée van Amerongen "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "TMEM98 is a negative regulator of FRAT mediated Wnt/ß-catenin signalling."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "PLoS One (2020)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1371/journal.pone.0227435"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0227435"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "31961879"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31961879"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 5, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Sarah J Freemantle, Holly B Portland, Katherine Ewings, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Characterization and tissue-specific expression of human GSK-3-binding proteins FRAT1 and FRAT2."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Gene (2002)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/s0378-1119(02)00594-2"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1119(02"}, {"type": "t", "text": "00594-2) PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12095675"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12095675"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 6, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "T Saitoh, M Katoh "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "FRAT1 and FRAT2, clustered in human chromosome 10q24.1 region, are up-regulated in gastric cancer."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Int J Oncol (2001)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.3892/ijo.19.2.311"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.19.2.311"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "11445844"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11445844"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 7, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Caroline Magnusson, Anna Svensson, Ulrika Christerson, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Denervation-induced alterations in gene expression in mouse skeletal muscle."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Eur J Neurosci (2005)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.03855.x"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.03855.x"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "15673457"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15673457"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 8, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Michiko Nishigaki, Kazuhiko Aoyagi, Inaho Danjoh, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Discovery of aberrant expression of R-RAS by cancer-linked DNA hypomethylation in gastric cancer using microarrays."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cancer Res (2005)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-3340"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-3340"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "15781621"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15781621"}]}]}]}
Synonyms	FRAT-2
Proteins	FRAT2_HUMAN
NCBI Gene ID	23401
API
Download Associations
Predicted Functions
Co-expressed Genes
Expression in Tissues and Cell Lines

Functional Associations

FRAT2 has 5,743 functional associations with biological entities spanning 9 categories (molecular profile, organism, chemical, functional term, phrase or reference, disease, phenotype or trait, structural feature, cell line, cell type or tissue, gene, protein or microRNA, sequence feature) extracted from 117 datasets.

Click the + buttons to view associations for FRAT2 from the datasets below.

If available, associations are ranked by standardized value

Harmonizome 3.0

FRAT2 Gene

Functional Associations

Please acknowledge the Harmonizome in your publications by citing the following reference(s):

	Dataset	Summary
	Allen Brain Atlas Adult Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	tissues with high or low expression of FRAT2 gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Adult Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Adult Mouse Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	tissues with high or low expression of FRAT2 gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Adult Mouse Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Aging Dementia and Traumatic Brain Injury Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles	tissue samples with high or low expression of FRAT2 gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Aging Dementia and Traumatic Brain Injury Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by Microarray	tissue samples with high or low expression of FRAT2 gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by Microarray dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by RNA-seq	tissue samples with high or low expression of FRAT2 gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by RNA-seq dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Prenatal Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	tissues with high or low expression of FRAT2 gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Prenatal Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	BioGPS Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles	cell lines with high or low expression of FRAT2 gene relative to other cell lines from the BioGPS Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	BioGPS Human Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	cell types and tissues with high or low expression of FRAT2 gene relative to other cell types and tissues from the BioGPS Human Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	BioGPS Mouse Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	cell types and tissues with high or low expression of FRAT2 gene relative to other cell types and tissues from the BioGPS Mouse Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Carcinogenome Chemical Perturbation Carcinogenicity Signatures	small molecule perturbations changing expression of FRAT2 gene from the Carcinogenome Chemical Perturbation Carcinogenicity Signatures dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles	cell lines with high or low copy number of FRAT2 gene relative to other cell lines from the CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles	cell lines with high or low expression of FRAT2 gene relative to other cell lines from the CCLE Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	CellMarker Gene-Cell Type Associations	cell types associated with FRAT2 gene from the CellMarker Gene-Cell Type Associations dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles	transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of FRAT2 gene from the CHEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Targets	transcription factors binding the promoter of FRAT2 gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022	transcription factors binding the promoter of FRAT2 gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022 dataset.
	CM4AI KOLF21J CRISPRi Gene Perturbation Atlas	gene perturbations changing expression of FRAT2 gene from the CM4AI KOLF21J CRISPRi Gene Perturbation Atlas dataset.
	CMAP Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules	small molecule perturbations changing expression of FRAT2 gene from the CMAP Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Experimental Protein Localization Evidence Scores	cellular components containing FRAT2 protein in low- or high-throughput protein localization assays from the COMPARTMENTS Experimental Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Experimental Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025	cellular components containing FRAT2 protein in low- or high-throughput protein localization assays from the COMPARTMENTS Experimental Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025	cellular components co-occuring with FRAT2 protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	COSMIC Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles	cell lines with high or low copy number of FRAT2 gene relative to other cell lines from the COSMIC Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset.
	COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles	cell lines with FRAT2 gene mutations from the COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles dataset.
	CTD Gene-Chemical Interactions	chemicals interacting with FRAT2 gene/protein from the curated CTD Gene-Chemical Interactions dataset.
	CTD Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with FRAT2 gene/protein from the curated CTD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
	dbGAP Gene-Trait Associations	traits associated with FRAT2 gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the dbGAP Gene-Trait Associations dataset.
	DepMap CRISPR Gene Dependency	cell lines with fitness changed by FRAT2 gene knockdown relative to other cell lines from the DepMap CRISPR Gene Dependency dataset.
	DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores	diseases co-occuring with FRAT2 gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores dataset.
	DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025	diseases co-occuring with FRAT2 gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with FRAT2 gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
	DisGeNET Gene-Phenotype Associations	phenotypes associated with FRAT2 gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Phenoptype Associations dataset.
	ENCODE Histone Modification Site Profiles	histone modification site profiles with high histone modification abundance at FRAT2 gene from the ENCODE Histone Modification Site Profiles dataset.
	ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles	transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of FRAT2 gene from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset.
	ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets	transcription factors binding the promoter of FRAT2 gene in ChIP-seq datasets from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets dataset.
	ESCAPE Omics Signatures of Genes and Proteins for Stem Cells	PubMedIDs of publications reporting gene signatures containing FRAT2 from the ESCAPE Omics Signatures of Genes and Proteins for Stem Cells dataset.
	GAD Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with FRAT2 gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the GAD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
	GAD High Level Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with FRAT2 gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the GAD High Level Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
	GDSC Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles	cell lines with high or low expression of FRAT2 gene relative to other cell lines from the GDSC Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	GeneRIF Biological Term Annotations	biological terms co-occuring with FRAT2 gene in literature-supported statements describing functions of genes from the GeneRIF Biological Term Annotations dataset.
	GeneSigDB Published Gene Signatures	PubMedIDs of publications reporting gene signatures containing FRAT2 from the GeneSigDB Published Gene Signatures dataset.