{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n FSD2 is a multifunctional gene whose products play diverse roles in different biological systems. In mammals, one important context is its role as a domain within follistatin that is critical for high‑affinity binding to and neutralization of activin, thereby modulating transforming growth factor‑β family signaling (1). Additionally, genetic variants near FSD2 have been associated with carotid plaque traits, suggesting a potential role in cardiovascular pathology (2). FSD2 also encodes a minispryn protein that co‐purifies with myospryn and the ryanodine receptor in striated muscle, indicating that it participates in the assembly of ryanodine receptor clusters and may influence cardiac and skeletal muscle function (3). In livestock, the porcine FSD2 gene—which encodes a protein containing fibronectin type III and SPRY domains—has been implicated in meat quality by showing significant associations with intramuscular fat content, moisture percentage, and meat color (5). In the realm of oncology, somatic mutations in FSD2 have been detected in medullary thyroid carcinoma, while the FSD2 genomic region also harbors microRNAs (such as miR‑1839‑5p) whose expression patterns point to potential roles as cancer markers (6,7)."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n In plants, FSD2 encodes an iron superoxide dismutase that is essential for mitigating reactive oxygen species accumulation during stress conditions. For instance, in rice, the full‑length OsFSD2 forms homodimers that enhance enzymatic activity to eliminate excess reactive oxygen species under chilling stress, a process that is integrated with cell elongation pathways via interactions with cyclophilins (4). Finally, in a distinct metabolic context, a minor rat hepatic isoform of FSD2 has been identified as having dehalogenating (defluorinase) activity and is related to glutathione S‑transferase Z1, suggesting an additional detoxification function (8). Epigenetic analyses have further implicated FSD2 by revealing obesity‑related methylation differences that could contribute to chronic disease risk (9).\n "}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Collectively, these findings underscore that FSD2 serves as a versatile modulator—from regulating TGF‑β signaling and muscle architecture in animals to mediating oxidative stress responses in plants and participating in detoxification pathways—making it a promising candidate for further functional and therapeutic investigations.\n "}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n (1)"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "; (2)"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "2"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "; (3)"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "3"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "; (4)"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "4"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "; (5)"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "5"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "; (6)"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "6"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "; (7)"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "7"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "; (8)"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "8"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "; (9)."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "9"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Alan L Schneyer, Yisrael Sidis, Anisha Gulati, et al. 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