{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n In diverse fields the term “GFY” (or closely related motifs) has been used to denote elements that, although sharing the same three‐letter acronym, serve very different biological functions. In livestock nutrition, “GFY” stands for “group‐fed to yield” and describes a feeding strategy in which cows are allocated concentrate based on early lactation milk output. In one study, cows in the GFY treatment received variable concentrate amounts matched to their initial milk yield; however, in terms of overall dry matter intake, milk production, milk solids yield, and energy balance, the GFY approach performed similarly to a traditional flat‐rate concentrate regimen."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n In molecular biology, short amino acid motifs with the letters G, F, and Y (standing for glycine–phenylalanine–tyrosine or its close variant GYF, with the order sometimes varying) play critical roles in protein–protein interactions. For example, the GYF domain found in the intracellular CD2‐binding protein 2 (CD2BP2) mediates recognition of specific proline‐rich sequences and thereby contributes to T‐cell activation and spliceosomal function."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "2"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " In a different context, the Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal Cry1Ac delta‐endotoxin was subjected to site‐directed mutagenesis in which one of the mutants was designated “GFY” (referring to the altered loop 1 region encompassing a native GYY sequence). Unlike other mutant forms, the GFY mutant did not express the toxin at wild‐type levels, underscoring that the integrity of this GFY-containing region is critical for proper protein expression and subsequent receptor binding and pore formation that underlie insecticidal activity."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "3"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Thus, whether as part of a management strategy to fine-tune nutritional inputs in dairy rations or as a conserved protein motif that mediates essential molecular interactions, GFY-related elements (or motifs) are central to system performance at both macroscopic and molecular levels.\n "}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "D C Lawrence, M O'Donovan, T M Boland, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The effect of concentrate feeding amount and feeding strategy on milk production, dry matter intake, and energy partitioning of autumn-calving Holstein-Friesian cows."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Dairy Sci (2015)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.3168/jds.2014-7905"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-7905"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "25465538"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25465538"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Dimitri Monos, John Heliopoulos, Elias Argyris, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Analysis of the CD2 and spliceosomal Sm B/B' polyproline-arginine motifs defined by a monoclonal antibody using a phage-displayed random peptide library."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Mol Recognit (2006)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1002/jmr.800"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/jmr.800"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "16941565"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16941565"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "D P Smedley, D J Ellar "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mutagenesis of three surface-exposed loops of a Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal toxin reveals residues important for toxicity, receptor recognition and possibly membrane insertion."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Microbiology (Reading) (1996)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1099/13500872-142-7-1617"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1099/13500872-142-7-1617"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "8757726"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8757726"}]}]}]}