GGACT Gene

Name gamma-glutamylamine cyclotransferase
Description The protein encoded by this gene aids in the proteolytic degradation of crosslinked fibrin by breaking down isodipeptide L-gamma-glutamyl-L-epsilon-lysine, a byproduct of fibrin degradation. The reaction catalyzed by the encoded gamma-glutamylaminecyclotransferase produces 5-oxo-L-proline and a free alkylamine. Two transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene.[provided by RefSeq, Aug 2010]
Summary
{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n γ‐Glutamylamine cyclotransferase (GGACT) is an enzyme that catalyzes the intramolecular cyclization of various L‐γ‐glutamylamine substrates to yield free amines and 5‑oxo‑L‑proline. Its activity is particularly significant for substrates such as γ‑glutamyl‑ε‑lysine, a cross‐link derived from the breakdown of proteins modified by transglutaminases."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Structural studies have revealed that GGACT adopts a cyclotransferase fold similar to that seen in γ‑glutamylcyclotransferase (GGCT), sharing key catalytic residues – for example, a putative acid/base residue (Glu(82)) – which are critical for its mechanism."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Biochemical and kinetic analyses further demonstrate that even subtle modifications in the amide region of its substrates can dramatically affect the enzyme’s specificity and catalytic efficiency, thus delineating why GGACT preferentially processes transglutaminase-derived γ‑glutamylamines over related γ‑glutamyl‑amino acids."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "2"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Complementing these findings, comparative structural investigations of the mouse enzyme A2LD1 – an ortholog of GGACT – using both X‑ray crystallography and NMR revealed that while the overall molecular architecture is maintained, the active site regions display increased conformational dynamics in solution. This observation suggests that such local flexibility may be critical in substrate recognition and the catalytic process."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "3"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Together, these studies indicate that despite sequence divergence among family members, the conservation of the cyclotransferase fold and key catalytic residues underpins a common biochemical mechanism for the metabolism of transglutaminase products.\n "}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Aaron J Oakley, Marjorie Coggan, Philip G Board "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Identification and characterization of gamma-glutamylamine cyclotransferase, an enzyme responsible for gamma-glutamyl-epsilon-lysine catabolism."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Biol Chem (2010)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1074/jbc.M109.082099"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M109.082099"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "20110353"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20110353"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Todd E Bowser, Mary Lynn Trawick "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Probing the specificity of gamma-glutamylamine cyclotransferase: an enzyme involved in the metabolism of transglutaminase-catalyzed protein crosslinks."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Amino Acids (2013)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1007/s00726-011-1153-2"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-011-1153-2"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "22120669"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22120669"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Pedro Serrano, Bill Pedrini, Michael Geralt, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Comparison of NMR and crystal structures highlights conformational isomerism in protein active sites."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun (2010)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1107/S1744309110033658"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1107/S1744309110033658"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "20944236"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20944236"}]}]}]}
Synonyms A2LD1
Proteins GGACT_HUMAN
NCBI Gene ID 87769
API
Download Associations
Predicted Functions View GGACT's ARCHS4 Predicted Functions.
Co-expressed Genes View GGACT's ARCHS4 Predicted Functions.
Expression in Tissues and Cell Lines View GGACT's ARCHS4 Predicted Functions.

Functional Associations

GGACT has 4,780 functional associations with biological entities spanning 9 categories (molecular profile, organism, functional term, phrase or reference, disease, phenotype or trait, chemical, structural feature, cell line, cell type or tissue, gene, protein or microRNA, sequence feature) extracted from 86 datasets.

Click the + buttons to view associations for GGACT from the datasets below.

If available, associations are ranked by standardized value

Dataset Summary
Allen Brain Atlas Adult Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles tissues with high or low expression of GGACT gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Adult Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
Allen Brain Atlas Adult Mouse Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles tissues with high or low expression of GGACT gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Adult Mouse Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
Allen Brain Atlas Aging Dementia and Traumatic Brain Injury Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles tissue samples with high or low expression of GGACT gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Aging Dementia and Traumatic Brain Injury Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by Microarray tissue samples with high or low expression of GGACT gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by Microarray dataset.
Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by RNA-seq tissue samples with high or low expression of GGACT gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by RNA-seq dataset.
Allen Brain Atlas Prenatal Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles tissues with high or low expression of GGACT gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Prenatal Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles cell lines with high or low copy number of GGACT gene relative to other cell lines from the CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset.
CCLE Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles cell lines with high or low expression of GGACT gene relative to other cell lines from the CCLE Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
CCLE Cell Line Proteomics Cell lines associated with GGACT protein from the CCLE Cell Line Proteomics dataset.
CellMarker Gene-Cell Type Associations cell types associated with GGACT gene from the CellMarker Gene-Cell Type Associations dataset.
ChEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of GGACT gene from the CHEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset.
ChEA Transcription Factor Targets transcription factors binding the promoter of GGACT gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets dataset.
ChEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022 transcription factors binding the promoter of GGACT gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022 dataset.
CM4AI KOLF21J CRISPRi Gene Perturbation Atlas gene perturbations changing expression of GGACT gene from the CM4AI KOLF21J CRISPRi Gene Perturbation Atlas dataset.
COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores cellular components containing GGACT protein from the COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.
COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores cellular components co-occuring with GGACT protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.
COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 cellular components co-occuring with GGACT protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
COSMIC Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles cell lines with high or low copy number of GGACT gene relative to other cell lines from the COSMIC Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset.
CTD Gene-Disease Associations diseases associated with GGACT gene/protein from the curated CTD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
DeepCoverMOA Drug Mechanisms of Action small molecule perturbations with high or low expression of GGACT protein relative to other small molecule perturbations from the DeepCoverMOA Drug Mechanisms of Action dataset.
DepMap CRISPR Gene Dependency cell lines with fitness changed by GGACT gene knockdown relative to other cell lines from the DepMap CRISPR Gene Dependency dataset.
DISEASES Experimental Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025 diseases associated with GGACT gene in GWAS datasets from the DISEASES Experimental Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores diseases co-occuring with GGACT gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores dataset.
DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025 diseases co-occuring with GGACT gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations diseases associated with GGACT gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
DisGeNET Gene-Phenotype Associations phenotypes associated with GGACT gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Phenoptype Associations dataset.
DrugBank Drug Targets interacting drugs for GGACT protein from the curated DrugBank Drug Targets dataset.
ENCODE Histone Modification Site Profiles histone modification site profiles with high histone modification abundance at GGACT gene from the ENCODE Histone Modification Site Profiles dataset.
ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of GGACT gene from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset.
ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets transcription factors binding the promoter of GGACT gene in ChIP-seq datasets from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets dataset.
ESCAPE Omics Signatures of Genes and Proteins for Stem Cells PubMedIDs of publications reporting gene signatures containing GGACT from the ESCAPE Omics Signatures of Genes and Proteins for Stem Cells dataset.
GeneRIF Biological Term Annotations biological terms co-occuring with GGACT gene in literature-supported statements describing functions of genes from the GeneRIF Biological Term Annotations dataset.
GeneSigDB Published Gene Signatures PubMedIDs of publications reporting gene signatures containing GGACT from the GeneSigDB Published Gene Signatures dataset.
GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Diseases disease perturbations changing expression of GGACT gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Diseases dataset.
GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Gene Perturbations gene perturbations changing expression of GGACT gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Gene Perturbations dataset.
GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Kinase Perturbations kinase perturbations changing expression of GGACT gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Kinase Perturbations dataset.
GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules small molecule perturbations changing expression of GGACT gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules dataset.
GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Transcription Factor Perturbations transcription factor perturbations changing expression of GGACT gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Transcription Factor Perturbations dataset.
GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Viral Infections virus perturbations changing expression of GGACT gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Viral Infections dataset.
GO Biological Process Annotations 2015 biological processes involving GGACT gene from the curated GO Biological Process Annotations 2015 dataset.
GO Biological Process Annotations 2023 biological processes involving GGACT gene from the curated GO Biological Process Annotations 2023 dataset.
GO Biological Process Annotations 2025 biological processes involving GGACT gene from the curated GO Biological Process Annotations2025 dataset.
GO Cellular Component Annotations 2015 cellular components containing GGACT protein from the curated GO Cellular Component Annotations 2015 dataset.
GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 molecular functions performed by GGACT gene from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.
GO Molecular Function Annotations 2023 molecular functions performed by GGACT gene from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2023 dataset.
GO Molecular Function Annotations 2025 molecular functions performed by GGACT gene from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2025 dataset.
GTEx eQTL 2025 SNPs regulating expression of GGACT gene from the GTEx eQTL 2025 dataset.
GTEx Tissue Gene Expression Profiles tissues with high or low expression of GGACT gene relative to other tissues from the GTEx Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
GTEx Tissue Gene Expression Profiles 2023 tissues with high or low expression of GGACT gene relative to other tissues from the GTEx Tissue Gene Expression Profiles 2023 dataset.
GTEx Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles tissue samples with high or low expression of GGACT gene relative to other tissue samples from the GTEx Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
GWAS Catalog SNP-Phenotype Associations 2025 phenotypes associated with GGACT gene in GWAS datasets from the GWAS Catalog SNP-Phenotype Associations 2025 dataset.
HMDB Metabolites of Enzymes interacting metabolites for GGACT protein from the curated HMDB Metabolites of Enzymes dataset.
HPA Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles cell lines with high or low expression of GGACT gene relative to other cell lines from the HPA Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
HPA Tissue Gene Expression Profiles tissues with high or low expression of GGACT gene relative to other tissues from the HPA Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
HPA Tissue Protein Expression Profiles tissues with high or low expression of GGACT protein relative to other tissues from the HPA Tissue Protein Expression Profiles dataset.
HPA Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles tissue samples with high or low expression of GGACT gene relative to other tissue samples from the HPA Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
HPM Cell Type and Tissue Protein Expression Profiles cell types and tissues with high or low expression of GGACT protein relative to other cell types and tissues from the HPM Cell Type and Tissue Protein Expression Profiles dataset.
InterPro Predicted Protein Domain Annotations protein domains predicted for GGACT protein from the InterPro Predicted Protein Domain Annotations dataset.
JASPAR Predicted Human Transcription Factor Targets 2025 transcription factors regulating expression of GGACT gene predicted using known transcription factor binding site motifs from the JASPAR Predicted Human Transcription Factor Targets dataset.
JASPAR Predicted Mouse Transcription Factor Targets 2025 transcription factors regulating expression of GGACT gene predicted using known transcription factor binding site motifs from the JASPAR Predicted Mouse Transcription Factor Targets 2025 dataset.
JASPAR Predicted Transcription Factor Targets transcription factors regulating expression of GGACT gene predicted using known transcription factor binding site motifs from the JASPAR Predicted Transcription Factor Targets dataset.
Klijn et al., Nat. Biotechnol., 2015 Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles cell lines with high or low copy number of GGACT gene relative to other cell lines from the Klijn et al., Nat. Biotechnol., 2015 Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset.
Klijn et al., Nat. Biotechnol., 2015 Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles cell lines with high or low expression of GGACT gene relative to other cell lines from the Klijn et al., Nat. Biotechnol., 2015 Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
Klijn et al., Nat. Biotechnol., 2015 Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles cell lines with GGACT gene mutations from the Klijn et al., Nat. Biotechnol., 2015 Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles dataset.
LOCATE Predicted Protein Localization Annotations cellular components predicted to contain GGACT protein from the LOCATE Predicted Protein Localization Annotations dataset.
MotifMap Predicted Transcription Factor Targets transcription factors regulating expression of GGACT gene predicted using known transcription factor binding site motifs from the MotifMap Predicted Transcription Factor Targets dataset.
MSigDB Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Cancer Gene Perturbations gene perturbations changing expression of GGACT gene from the MSigDB Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Cancer Gene Perturbations dataset.
PerturbAtlas Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Gene Perturbations gene perturbations changing expression of GGACT gene from the PerturbAtlas Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Gene Perturbations dataset.
PerturbAtlas Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Mouse Gene Perturbations gene perturbations changing expression of GGACT gene from the PerturbAtlas Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Gene Perturbations dataset.
Roadmap Epigenomics Cell and Tissue DNA Methylation Profiles cell types and tissues with high or low DNA methylation of GGACT gene relative to other cell types and tissues from the Roadmap Epigenomics Cell and Tissue DNA Methylation Profiles dataset.
Roadmap Epigenomics Cell and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles cell types and tissues with high or low expression of GGACT gene relative to other cell types and tissues from the Roadmap Epigenomics Cell and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
Roadmap Epigenomics Histone Modification Site Profiles histone modification site profiles with high histone modification abundance at GGACT gene from the Roadmap Epigenomics Histone Modification Site Profiles dataset.
Rummagene Transcription Factor Associations 2026 transcription factors regulating expression of GGACT gene from the Rummagene Transcription Factor Associations 2026 dataset.
RummaGEO Drug Perturbation Signatures drug perturbations changing expression of GGACT gene from the RummaGEO Drug Perturbation Signatures dataset.
RummaGEO Gene Perturbation Signatures gene perturbations changing expression of GGACT gene from the RummaGEO Gene Perturbation Signatures dataset.
Sanger Dependency Map Cancer Cell Line Proteomics cell lines associated with GGACT protein from the Sanger Dependency Map Cancer Cell Line Proteomics dataset.
Tabula Sapiens Gene-Cell Associations cell types with high or low expression of GGACT gene relative to other cell types from the Tabula Sapiens Gene-Cell Associations dataset.
TargetScan Predicted Conserved microRNA Targets microRNAs regulating expression of GGACT gene predicted using conserved miRNA seed sequences from the TargetScan Predicted Conserved microRNA Targets dataset.
TargetScan Predicted Nonconserved microRNA Targets microRNAs regulating expression of GGACT gene predicted using nonconserved miRNA seed sequences from the TargetScan Predicted Nonconserved microRNA Targets dataset.
TCGA Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Tumors tissue samples with high or low expression of GGACT gene relative to other tissue samples from the TCGA Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Tumors dataset.
TISSUES Curated Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores tissues with high expression of GGACT protein from the TISSUES Curated Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores dataset.
TISSUES Curated Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores 2025 tissues with high expression of GGACT protein from the TISSUES Curated Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
TISSUES Experimental Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores tissues with high expression of GGACT protein in proteomics datasets from the TISSUES Experimental Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores dataset.
TISSUES Experimental Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores 2025 tissues with high expression of GGACT protein in proteomics datasets from the TISSUES Experimental Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
TISSUES Text-mining Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores tissues co-occuring with GGACT protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the TISSUES Text-mining Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores dataset.
TISSUES Text-mining Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores 2025 tissues co-occuring with GGACT protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the TISSUES Text-mining Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.