GSS Gene

Name	glutathione synthetase
Description	Glutathione is important for a variety of biological functions, including protection of cells from oxidative damage by free radicals, detoxification of xenobiotics, and membrane transport. The protein encoded by this gene functions as a homodimer to catalyze the second step of glutathione biosynthesis, which is the ATP-dependent conversion of gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine to glutathione. Defects in this gene are a cause of glutathione synthetase deficiency. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]
Summary	{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nGlutathione synthetase (GSS) is the ATP‐dependent enzyme that catalyzes the final step in glutathione (GSH) biosynthesis by conjugating γ‐glutamylcysteine and glycine—a reaction essential for maintaining intracellular redox balance, detoxification capacity, and protection against oxidative stress. In human cells, transcriptional control of the GSS gene is mediated in part by Nrf2 via NFE2 motifs that are critical for its basal expression, while genetic variations and specific haplotypes in GSS have been linked to altered detoxification responses and increased susceptibility to environmental toxicants. Moreover, studies in patients with glutathione synthetase deficiency demonstrate that reduced GSS activity results in diminished GSH levels and a compensatory accumulation of γ‑glutamylcysteine, underscoring the enzyme’s central role in cellular antioxidant defense. Elevated GSS expression has also been observed in tumor tissues—including colorectal cancer—and may serve as a useful diagnostic marker in certain cancer types and in bladder cancer outcomes."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "5"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nDetailed structural and mechanistic investigations have revealed that GSS contains highly conserved residues that are indispensable for its catalytic function. For instance, key amino acids such as Glu‐144, Asn‐146, Lys‐305, and Lys‐364 have been shown to be critical for ligand binding and efficient catalysis. Kinetic studies combined with molecular dynamics simulations have further delineated the role of a glycine‐rich loop (spanning residues Gly369–Gly371), where mutations can severely impair enzyme activity and alter allosteric behavior. In addition, the identification of alternative splicing variants that result in in‐frame deletions highlights an additional layer of regulatory complexity, while mutations at the dimer interface (including residues Val44 and Val45) and alterations of an active‐site residue (Asp458) have been demonstrated to disrupt enzyme stability and negative cooperativity."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "6", "end_ref": "11"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nClinically, impaired GSS function—whether due to inherited mutations or altered expression—has profound consequences. Glutathione synthetase deficiency manifests with metabolic acidosis, hemolytic anemia, neurological impairment, and retinal dystrophy, as well as metabolic disorders such as 5‑oxoprolinuria, highlighting the enzyme’s vital role in antioxidant defense and energy homeostasis. Genetic studies suggest that aberrations in GSS may also contribute to neuropsychiatric conditions such as schizophrenia. In parallel, altered expression of GSS has been proposed as a prognostic and diagnostic biomarker: elevated protein levels are associated with improved outcomes in early‑stage lung adenocarcinoma, platelet proteomic profiling has identified GSS as a candidate biomarker for the early detection of colorectal cancer, and increased salivary GSS mRNA levels have been linked to inflammatory conditions like pyelonephritis."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "3"}, {"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "12", "end_ref": "18"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Taunia D Lee, Heping Yang, Janet Whang, et al. 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"}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Clinical findings and effect of sodium hydrogen carbonate in patients with glutathione synthetase deficiency."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab (2016)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1515/jpem-2015-0308"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1515/jpem-2015-0308"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "26669244"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26669244"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 18, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Sirma Angelova, Ayshe Salim, Yoana Kiselova-Kaneva, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Association of mRNA Levels of IL6, MMP-8, GSS in Saliva and Pyelonephritis in Children."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Molecules (2019)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.3390/molecules25010085"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25010085"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "31881666"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31881666"}]}]}]}
Synonyms	HEL-S-64P, HEL-S-88N, GSHS
Proteins	GSHB_HUMAN
NCBI Gene ID	2937
API
Download Associations
Predicted Functions
Co-expressed Genes
Expression in Tissues and Cell Lines

Functional Associations

GSS has 6,229 functional associations with biological entities spanning 8 categories (molecular profile, organism, disease, phenotype or trait, chemical, functional term, phrase or reference, structural feature, cell line, cell type or tissue, gene, protein or microRNA) extracted from 113 datasets.

Click the + buttons to view associations for GSS from the datasets below.

If available, associations are ranked by standardized value

Harmonizome 3.0

GSS Gene

Functional Associations

Please acknowledge the Harmonizome in your publications by citing the following reference(s):

	Dataset	Summary
	Achilles Cell Line Gene Essentiality Profiles	cell lines with fitness changed by GSS gene knockdown relative to other cell lines from the Achilles Cell Line Gene Essentiality Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Adult Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	tissues with high or low expression of GSS gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Adult Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Adult Mouse Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	tissues with high or low expression of GSS gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Adult Mouse Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by Microarray	tissue samples with high or low expression of GSS gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by Microarray dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by RNA-seq	tissue samples with high or low expression of GSS gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by RNA-seq dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Prenatal Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	tissues with high or low expression of GSS gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Prenatal Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	BioGPS Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles	cell lines with high or low expression of GSS gene relative to other cell lines from the BioGPS Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	BioGPS Human Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	cell types and tissues with high or low expression of GSS gene relative to other cell types and tissues from the BioGPS Human Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	BioGPS Mouse Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	cell types and tissues with high or low expression of GSS gene relative to other cell types and tissues from the BioGPS Mouse Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles	cell lines with high or low copy number of GSS gene relative to other cell lines from the CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles	cell lines with high or low expression of GSS gene relative to other cell lines from the CCLE Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Proteomics	Cell lines associated with GSS protein from the CCLE Cell Line Proteomics dataset.
	CellMarker Gene-Cell Type Associations	cell types associated with GSS gene from the CellMarker Gene-Cell Type Associations dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles	transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of GSS gene from the CHEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Targets	transcription factors binding the promoter of GSS gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022	transcription factors binding the promoter of GSS gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022 dataset.
	ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations	phenotypes associated with GSS gene from the curated ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations dataset.
	CMAP Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules	small molecule perturbations changing expression of GSS gene from the CMAP Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores	cellular components containing GSS protein from the COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Experimental Protein Localization Evidence Scores	cellular components containing GSS protein in low- or high-throughput protein localization assays from the COMPARTMENTS Experimental Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores	cellular components co-occuring with GSS protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.
	COSMIC Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles	cell lines with high or low copy number of GSS gene relative to other cell lines from the COSMIC Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset.
	COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles	cell lines with GSS gene mutations from the COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles dataset.
	CTD Gene-Chemical Interactions	chemicals interacting with GSS gene/protein from the curated CTD Gene-Chemical Interactions dataset.
	CTD Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with GSS gene/protein from the curated CTD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
	DeepCoverMOA Drug Mechanisms of Action	small molecule perturbations with high or low expression of GSS protein relative to other small molecule perturbations from the DeepCoverMOA Drug Mechanisms of Action dataset.
	DepMap CRISPR Gene Dependency	cell lines with fitness changed by GSS gene knockdown relative to other cell lines from the DepMap CRISPR Gene Dependency dataset.
	DISEASES Curated Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores	diseases involving GSS gene from the DISEASES Curated Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores dataset.
	DISEASES Curated Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025	diseases involving GSS gene from the DISEASES Curated Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	DISEASES Experimental Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores	diseases associated with GSS gene in GWAS datasets from the DISEASES Experimental Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores dataset.
	DISEASES Experimental Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025	diseases associated with GSS gene in GWAS datasets from the DISEASES Experimental Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores	diseases co-occuring with GSS gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores dataset.
	DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025	diseases co-occuring with GSS gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with GSS gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
	DisGeNET Gene-Phenotype Associations	phenotypes associated with GSS gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Phenoptype Associations dataset.
	DrugBank Drug Targets	interacting drugs for GSS protein from the curated DrugBank Drug Targets dataset.
	ENCODE Histone Modification Site Profiles	histone modification site profiles with high histone modification abundance at GSS gene from the ENCODE Histone Modification Site Profiles dataset.
	ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles	transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of GSS gene from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset.
	ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets	transcription factors binding the promoter of GSS gene in ChIP-seq datasets from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets dataset.
	ESCAPE Omics Signatures of Genes and Proteins for Stem Cells	PubMedIDs of publications reporting gene signatures containing GSS from the ESCAPE Omics Signatures of Genes and Proteins for Stem Cells dataset.