HMGA1 Gene

HGNC Family	High mobility group (HMG)
Name	high mobility group AT-hook 1
Description	This gene encodes a chromatin-associated protein involved in the regulation of gene transcription, integration of retroviruses into chromosomes, and the metastatic progression of cancer cells. The encoded protein preferentially binds to the minor groove of AT-rich regions in double-stranded DNA. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. Pseudogenes of this gene have been identified on multiple chromosomes. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2016]
Summary	{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n The high‐mobility group A1 (HMGA1) proteins are non–histone chromatin architectural factors that modulate gene expression by remodeling chromatin structure and facilitating the assembly of multiprotein transcriptional complexes. In embryonic tissues these factors are abundantly expressed, whereas in most adult tissues they are expressed at low levels; however, HMGA1 is frequently re‐expressed in a variety of cancers, where it acts as a potent oncogene. HMGA1 contributes to malignant transformation and tumor progression by interacting with key transcription factors—such as Sp1, C/EBPβ, and STAT3—to upregulate oncogenic pathways and promote processes including epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastasis."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "3"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " In pulmonary arterial endothelial cells, increased HMGA1 expression has been implicated in driving an endothelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition that is associated with vascular remodeling in pulmonary arterial hypertension."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "2"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Furthermore, HMGA1 exhibits rapid and dynamic interactions with chromatin, and its binding kinetics—as well as posttranslational modifications—help determine the accessibility of regulatory regions to other transcription factors, underscoring its role as a master regulator of gene expression."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "4"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " At the posttranscriptional level, HMGA1 expression is fine-tuned by regulatory mechanisms including microRNAs and expressed pseudogenes, which influence downstream processes such as insulin receptor expression and cellular metabolism."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "6"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Collectively, these findings highlight HMGA1’s pivotal functions in orchestrating transcriptional networks that drive developmental processes and contribute to the onset and progression of diverse human diseases.\n "}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Isabelle Cleynen, Wim J M Van de Ven "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The HMGA proteins: a myriad of functions (Review)."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Int J Oncol (2008)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "18202751"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18202751"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Rachel K Hopper, Jan-Renier A J Moonen, Isabel Diebold, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "In Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension, Reduced BMPR2 Promotes Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition via HMGA1 and Its Target Slug."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Circulation (2016)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.020617"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.020617"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "27045138"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27045138"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Joelle Hillion, Surajit Dhara, Takita Felder Sumter, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The high-mobility group A1a/signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 axis: an achilles heel for hematopoietic malignancies?"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cancer Res (2008)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-2121"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-2121"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "19074878"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19074878"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 4, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Monika Harrer, Hardi Lührs, Michael Bustin, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Dynamic interaction of HMGA1a proteins with chromatin."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Cell Sci (2004)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1242/jcs.01160"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1242/jcs.01160"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "15213251"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15213251"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 5, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cédric F Invernizzi, Baode Xie, Stéphane Richard, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "PRMT6 diminishes HIV-1 Rev binding to and export of viral RNA."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Retrovirology (2006)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1186/1742-4690-3-93"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-4690-3-93"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "17176473"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17176473"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 6, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Eusebio Chiefari, Stefania Iiritano, Francesco Paonessa, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Pseudogene-mediated posttranscriptional silencing of HMGA1 can result in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nat Commun (2010)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/ncomms1040"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms1040"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "20975707"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20975707"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 7, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Maria Schubert, Martin Spahn, Susanne Kneitz, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Distinct microRNA expression profile in prostate cancer patients with early clinical failure and the impact of let-7 as prognostic marker in high-risk prostate cancer."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "PLoS One (2013)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1371/journal.pone.0065064"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0065064"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "23798998"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23798998"}]}]}]}
Synonyms	HMG-R, HMGIY, HMGA1A
Proteins	HMGA1_HUMAN
NCBI Gene ID	3159
API
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Predicted Functions
Co-expressed Genes
Expression in Tissues and Cell Lines

Functional Associations

HMGA1 has 20,459 functional associations with biological entities spanning 8 categories (molecular profile, organism, functional term, phrase or reference, chemical, disease, phenotype or trait, structural feature, cell line, cell type or tissue, gene, protein or microRNA) extracted from 132 datasets.

Click the + buttons to view associations for HMGA1 from the datasets below.

If available, associations are ranked by standardized value

Harmonizome 3.0

HMGA1 Gene

Functional Associations

Please acknowledge the Harmonizome in your publications by citing the following reference(s):

	Dataset	Summary
	Allen Brain Atlas Adult Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	tissues with high or low expression of HMGA1 gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Adult Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Adult Mouse Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	tissues with high or low expression of HMGA1 gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Adult Mouse Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Aging Dementia and Traumatic Brain Injury Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles	tissue samples with high or low expression of HMGA1 gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Aging Dementia and Traumatic Brain Injury Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by Microarray	tissue samples with high or low expression of HMGA1 gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by Microarray dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by RNA-seq	tissue samples with high or low expression of HMGA1 gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by RNA-seq dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Prenatal Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	tissues with high or low expression of HMGA1 gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Prenatal Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Biocarta Pathways	pathways involving HMGA1 protein from the Biocarta Pathways dataset.
	BioGPS Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles	cell lines with high or low expression of HMGA1 gene relative to other cell lines from the BioGPS Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	BioGPS Human Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	cell types and tissues with high or low expression of HMGA1 gene relative to other cell types and tissues from the BioGPS Human Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	BioGPS Mouse Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	cell types and tissues with high or low expression of HMGA1 gene relative to other cell types and tissues from the BioGPS Mouse Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles	cell lines with high or low copy number of HMGA1 gene relative to other cell lines from the CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles	cell lines with high or low expression of HMGA1 gene relative to other cell lines from the CCLE Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles	cell lines with HMGA1 gene mutations from the CCLE Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Proteomics	Cell lines associated with HMGA1 protein from the CCLE Cell Line Proteomics dataset.
	CellMarker Gene-Cell Type Associations	cell types associated with HMGA1 gene from the CellMarker Gene-Cell Type Associations dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles	transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of HMGA1 gene from the CHEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Targets	transcription factors binding the promoter of HMGA1 gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022	transcription factors binding the promoter of HMGA1 gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022 dataset.
	CM4AI U2OS Cell Map Protein Localization Assemblies	assemblies containing HMGA1 protein from integrated AP-MS and IF data from the CM4AI U2OS Cell Map Protein Localization Assemblies dataset.
	CMAP Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules	small molecule perturbations changing expression of HMGA1 gene from the CMAP Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores	cellular components containing HMGA1 protein from the COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025	cellular components containing HMGA1 protein from the COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Experimental Protein Localization Evidence Scores	cellular components containing HMGA1 protein in low- or high-throughput protein localization assays from the COMPARTMENTS Experimental Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores	cellular components co-occuring with HMGA1 protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025	cellular components co-occuring with HMGA1 protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	COSMIC Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles	cell lines with high or low copy number of HMGA1 gene relative to other cell lines from the COSMIC Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset.
	COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles	cell lines with HMGA1 gene mutations from the COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles dataset.
	CTD Gene-Chemical Interactions	chemicals interacting with HMGA1 gene/protein from the curated CTD Gene-Chemical Interactions dataset.
	CTD Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with HMGA1 gene/protein from the curated CTD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
	dbGAP Gene-Trait Associations	traits associated with HMGA1 gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the dbGAP Gene-Trait Associations dataset.
	DeepCoverMOA Drug Mechanisms of Action	small molecule perturbations with high or low expression of HMGA1 protein relative to other small molecule perturbations from the DeepCoverMOA Drug Mechanisms of Action dataset.
	DISEASES Experimental Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores	diseases associated with HMGA1 gene in GWAS datasets from the DISEASES Experimental Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores dataset.
	DISEASES Experimental Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025	diseases associated with HMGA1 gene in GWAS datasets from the DISEASES Experimental Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores	diseases co-occuring with HMGA1 gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores dataset.
	DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025	diseases co-occuring with HMGA1 gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with HMGA1 gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
	DisGeNET Gene-Phenotype Associations	phenotypes associated with HMGA1 gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Phenoptype Associations dataset.
	ENCODE Histone Modification Site Profiles	histone modification site profiles with high histone modification abundance at HMGA1 gene from the ENCODE Histone Modification Site Profiles dataset.
	ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles	transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of HMGA1 gene from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset.
	ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets	transcription factors binding the promoter of HMGA1 gene in ChIP-seq datasets from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets dataset.