ID2 Gene

HGNC Family	Basic helix-loop-helix proteins (BHLH)
Name	inhibitor of DNA binding 2, dominant negative helix-loop-helix protein
Description	The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the inhibitor of DNA binding family, members of which are transcriptional regulators that contain a helix-loop-helix (HLH) domain but not a basic domain. Members of the inhibitor of DNA binding family inhibit the functions of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors in a dominant-negative manner by suppressing their heterodimerization partners through the HLH domains. This protein may play a role in negatively regulating cell differentiation. A pseudogene of this gene is located on chromosome 3. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2011]
Summary	{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n The helix‐loop‐helix transcriptional repressor Id2 plays a multifaceted role in cell fate determination by antagonizing E‐protein activity in diverse developmental contexts. In the immune system, Id2 is induced by transforming growth factor–β during dendritic cell differentiation, where it helps to repress B cell–associated genes and is critical for the proper development of Langerhans cells and splenic CD8α+ dendritic cells."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " In addition, Id2 is indispensable for the maturation of natural killer (NK) cells and lymphoid tissue–inducing cells, acting downstream of interleukin‐15 and factors such as E4BP4."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "2"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Moreover, in CD8⁺ T cells, differential expression of Id2 (along with its homolog Id3) helps to dictate the balance between terminal effector differentiation and the generation of long‐lived memory cells."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "4"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n \n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Outside the immune compartment, Id2 also regulates differentiation in other tissues. In skeletal muscle, for instance, the myogenic transcription factor Pax7 promotes the expression of Id2, which in turn functions as an inhibitor of MyoD activity, thereby reinforcing a myoblast state and delaying differentiation."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "5"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Similarly, in neural progenitors, bone morphogenetic protein signaling induces Id2 (often together with Id4) to sequester the oligodendrocyte‐determining factors OLIG1 and OLIG2, thus opposing oligodendrocyte lineage commitment and favoring astroglial differentiation; sustained or dysregulated Id2 activity under these conditions impairs oligodendrocyte maturation and proper myelination."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "6", "end_ref": "8"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Christine Hacker, Ralf D Kirsch, Xin-Sheng Ju, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Transcriptional profiling identifies Id2 function in dendritic cell development."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nat Immunol (2003)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/ni903"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/ni903"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12598895"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12598895"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Markus D Boos, Yoshifumi Yokota, Gerard Eberl, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mature natural killer cell and lymphoid tissue-inducing cell development requires Id2-mediated suppression of E protein activity."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Exp Med (2007)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1084/jem.20061959"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20061959"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "17452521"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17452521"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Duncan M Gascoyne, Elaine Long, Henrique Veiga-Fernandes, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The basic leucine zipper transcription factor E4BP4 is essential for natural killer cell development."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nat Immunol (2009)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/ni.1787"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/ni.1787"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "19749763"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19749763"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 4, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cliff Y Yang, J Adam Best, Jamie Knell, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The transcriptional regulators Id2 and Id3 control the formation of distinct memory CD8+ T cell subsets."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nat Immunol (2011)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/ni.2158"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/ni.2158"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "22057289"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22057289"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 5, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Bijan K Dey, Jeffrey Gagan, Anindya Dutta "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "miR-206 and -486 induce myoblast differentiation by downregulating Pax7."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mol Cell Biol (2011)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1128/MCB.01009-10"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1128/MCB.01009-10"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "21041476"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21041476"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 6, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Jayshree Samanta, John A Kessler "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Interactions between ID and OLIG proteins mediate the inhibitory effects of BMP4 on oligodendroglial differentiation."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Development (2004)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1242/dev.01273"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.01273"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "15280210"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15280210"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 7, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Xiaodong Li, Xiaoxue Zhang, Robin Leathers, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Notch3 signaling promotes the development of pulmonary arterial hypertension."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nat Med (2009)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/nm.2021"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.2021"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "19855400"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19855400"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 8, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Ying Chen, Heng Wu, Shuzong Wang, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The oligodendrocyte-specific G protein-coupled receptor GPR17 is a cell-intrinsic timer of myelination."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nat Neurosci (2009)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/nn.2410"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.2410"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "19838178"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19838178"}]}]}]}
Synonyms	ID2H, ID2A, BHLHB26, GIG8
Proteins	ID2_HUMAN
NCBI Gene ID	3398
API
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Predicted Functions
Co-expressed Genes
Expression in Tissues and Cell Lines

Functional Associations

ID2 has 15,621 functional associations with biological entities spanning 8 categories (molecular profile, organism, chemical, functional term, phrase or reference, disease, phenotype or trait, structural feature, cell line, cell type or tissue, gene, protein or microRNA) extracted from 125 datasets.

Click the + buttons to view associations for ID2 from the datasets below.

If available, associations are ranked by standardized value

Harmonizome 3.0

ID2 Gene

Functional Associations

Please acknowledge the Harmonizome in your publications by citing the following reference(s):

	Dataset	Summary
	Allen Brain Atlas Adult Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	tissues with high or low expression of ID2 gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Adult Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Adult Mouse Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	tissues with high or low expression of ID2 gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Adult Mouse Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Aging Dementia and Traumatic Brain Injury Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles	tissue samples with high or low expression of ID2 gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Aging Dementia and Traumatic Brain Injury Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by Microarray	tissue samples with high or low expression of ID2 gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by Microarray dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by RNA-seq	tissue samples with high or low expression of ID2 gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by RNA-seq dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Prenatal Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	tissues with high or low expression of ID2 gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Prenatal Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	BioGPS Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles	cell lines with high or low expression of ID2 gene relative to other cell lines from the BioGPS Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	BioGPS Human Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	cell types and tissues with high or low expression of ID2 gene relative to other cell types and tissues from the BioGPS Human Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	BioGPS Mouse Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	cell types and tissues with high or low expression of ID2 gene relative to other cell types and tissues from the BioGPS Mouse Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Carcinogenome Chemical Perturbation Carcinogenicity Signatures	small molecule perturbations changing expression of ID2 gene from the Carcinogenome Chemical Perturbation Carcinogenicity Signatures dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles	cell lines with high or low copy number of ID2 gene relative to other cell lines from the CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles	cell lines with high or low expression of ID2 gene relative to other cell lines from the CCLE Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	CellMarker Gene-Cell Type Associations	cell types associated with ID2 gene from the CellMarker Gene-Cell Type Associations dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles	transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of ID2 gene from the CHEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Targets	transcription factors binding the promoter of ID2 gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022	transcription factors binding the promoter of ID2 gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022 dataset.
	CM4AI KOLF21J CRISPRi Gene Perturbation Atlas	gene perturbations changing expression of ID2 gene from the CM4AI KOLF21J CRISPRi Gene Perturbation Atlas dataset.
	CM4AI U2OS Cell Map Protein Localization Assemblies	assemblies containing ID2 protein from integrated AP-MS and IF data from the CM4AI U2OS Cell Map Protein Localization Assemblies dataset.
	CMAP Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules	small molecule perturbations changing expression of ID2 gene from the CMAP Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores	cellular components containing ID2 protein from the COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025	cellular components containing ID2 protein from the COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Experimental Protein Localization Evidence Scores	cellular components containing ID2 protein in low- or high-throughput protein localization assays from the COMPARTMENTS Experimental Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Experimental Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025	cellular components containing ID2 protein in low- or high-throughput protein localization assays from the COMPARTMENTS Experimental Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores	cellular components co-occuring with ID2 protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025	cellular components co-occuring with ID2 protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	COSMIC Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles	cell lines with high or low copy number of ID2 gene relative to other cell lines from the COSMIC Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset.
	COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles	cell lines with ID2 gene mutations from the COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles dataset.
	CTD Gene-Chemical Interactions	chemicals interacting with ID2 gene/protein from the curated CTD Gene-Chemical Interactions dataset.
	CTD Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with ID2 gene/protein from the curated CTD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
	DepMap CRISPR Gene Dependency	cell lines with fitness changed by ID2 gene knockdown relative to other cell lines from the DepMap CRISPR Gene Dependency dataset.
	DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores	diseases co-occuring with ID2 gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores dataset.
	DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025	diseases co-occuring with ID2 gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with ID2 gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
	DisGeNET Gene-Phenotype Associations	phenotypes associated with ID2 gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Phenoptype Associations dataset.
	ENCODE Histone Modification Site Profiles	histone modification site profiles with high histone modification abundance at ID2 gene from the ENCODE Histone Modification Site Profiles dataset.
	ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles	transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of ID2 gene from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset.
	ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets	transcription factors binding the promoter of ID2 gene in ChIP-seq datasets from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets dataset.
	ESCAPE Omics Signatures of Genes and Proteins for Stem Cells	PubMedIDs of publications reporting gene signatures containing ID2 from the ESCAPE Omics Signatures of Genes and Proteins for Stem Cells dataset.
	GAD Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with ID2 gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the GAD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
	GAD High Level Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with ID2 gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the GAD High Level Gene-Disease Associations dataset.